Stanley S Franklin1, Lutgarde Thijs2, Kei Asayama3, Yan Li4, Tine W Hansen5, José Boggia6, Lotte Jacobs2, Zhenyu Zhang2, Masahiro Kikuya7, Kristina Björklund-Bodegård8, Takayoshi Ohkubo9, Wen-Yi Yang2, Jørgen Jeppesen10, Eamon Dolan11, Tatiana Kuznetsova12, Katarzyna Stolarz-Skrzypek13, Valérie Tikhonoff14, Sofia Malyutina12, Edoardo Casiglia14, Yuri Nikitin12, Lars Lind7, Edgardo Sandoya15, Kalina Kawecka-Jaszcz13, Jan Filipovský16, Yutaka Imai17, Ji-Guang Wang18, Eoin O'Brien19, Jan A Staessen20. 1. Heart Disease Prevention Program, Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California. Electronic address: ssfranklinmd@gmail.com. 2. Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. 3. Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan; Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. 4. Center for Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Center for Vascular Evaluation, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. 5. Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte and Research Center for Prevention and Health, Gentofte, Denmark. 6. Centro de Nefrología and Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay. 7. Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science and Medicine, Sendai, Japan. 8. Section of Geriatrics, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, Karolinska Institute, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. 9. Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan; Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science and Medicine, Sendai, Japan. 10. Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 11. Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrook's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. 12. Institute of Internal Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation. 13. First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland. 14. Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy. 15. Asociación Española Primera de Socorros Mutuos, Montevideo, Uruguay. 16. Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic. 17. Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan; Centro de Nefrología and Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay. 18. Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sendai, Japan. 19. Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. 20. Studies Coordinating Centre, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The role of white-coat hypertension (WCH) and the white-coat-effect (WCE) in development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVES: Using data from the population-based, 11-cohort IDACO (International Database on Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Relation to Cardiovascular Outcomes), this study compared daytime ambulatory blood pressure monitoring with conventional blood pressure measurements in 653 untreated subjects with WCH and 653 normotensive control subjects. METHODS: European Society Hypertension guidelines were used as a 5-stage risk score. Low risk was defined as 0 to 2 risk factors, and high risk was defined as ≥3 to 5 risk factors, diabetes, and/or history of prior CVD events. Age- and cohort-matching was done between 653 untreated subjects with WCH and 653 normotensive control subjects. RESULTS: In a stepwise linear regression model, systolic WCE increased by 3.8 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.1 to 4.6 mm Hg) per 10-year increase in age, and was similar in low- and high-risk subjects with or without prior CVD events. Over a median 10.6-year follow-up, incidence of new CVD events was higher in 159 high-risk subjects with WCH compared with 159 cohort- and age-matched high-risk normotensive subjects (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.10 to 3.84; p = 0.023). The HR was not significant for 494 participants with low-risk WCH and age-matched low-risk normotensive subjects. Subgroup analysis by age showed that an association between WCH and incident CVD events is limited to older (age ≥60 years) high-risk WCH subjects; the adjusted HR was 2.19 (95% CI: 1.09 to 4.37; p = 0.027) in the older high-risk group and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.51 to 1.53; p = 0.66) in the older low-risk group (p for interaction = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS: WCE size is related to aging, not to CVD risk. CVD risk in most persons with WCH is comparable to age- and risk-adjusted normotensive control subjects.
BACKGROUND: The role of white-coat hypertension (WCH) and the white-coat-effect (WCE) in development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVES: Using data from the population-based, 11-cohort IDACO (International Database on Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Relation to Cardiovascular Outcomes), this study compared daytime ambulatory blood pressure monitoring with conventional blood pressure measurements in 653 untreated subjects with WCH and 653 normotensive control subjects. METHODS: European Society Hypertension guidelines were used as a 5-stage risk score. Low risk was defined as 0 to 2 risk factors, and high risk was defined as ≥3 to 5 risk factors, diabetes, and/or history of prior CVD events. Age- and cohort-matching was done between 653 untreated subjects with WCH and 653 normotensive control subjects. RESULTS: In a stepwise linear regression model, systolic WCE increased by 3.8 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.1 to 4.6 mm Hg) per 10-year increase in age, and was similar in low- and high-risk subjects with or without prior CVD events. Over a median 10.6-year follow-up, incidence of new CVD events was higher in 159 high-risk subjects with WCH compared with 159 cohort- and age-matched high-risk normotensive subjects (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.10 to 3.84; p = 0.023). The HR was not significant for 494 participants with low-risk WCH and age-matched low-risk normotensive subjects. Subgroup analysis by age showed that an association between WCH and incident CVD events is limited to older (age ≥60 years) high-risk WCH subjects; the adjusted HR was 2.19 (95% CI: 1.09 to 4.37; p = 0.027) in the older high-risk group and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.51 to 1.53; p = 0.66) in the older low-risk group (p for interaction = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS: WCE size is related to aging, not to CVD risk. CVD risk in most persons with WCH is comparable to age- and risk-adjusted normotensive control subjects.
Authors: Robert M Carey; David A Calhoun; George L Bakris; Robert D Brook; Stacie L Daugherty; Cheryl R Dennison-Himmelfarb; Brent M Egan; John M Flack; Samuel S Gidding; Eric Judd; Daniel T Lackland; Cheryl L Laffer; Christopher Newton-Cheh; Steven M Smith; Sandra J Taler; Stephen C Textor; Tanya N Turan; William B White Journal: Hypertension Date: 2018-11 Impact factor: 10.190