Jing Cui1, Dorothee Diogo2, Eli A Stahl3, Helena Canhao4, Xavier Mariette5, Jeffrey D Greenberg6, Yukinori Okada7, Dimitrios A Pappas8, Robert S Fulton9, Paul P Tak10, Michael T Nurmohamed11, Annette Lee12, David E Larson9, Fina Kurreeman13, Tracie L Deluca9, Michelle O'Laughlin9, Catrina C Fronick9, Lucinda L Fulton9, Elaine R Mardis9, Irene E van der Horst-Bruinsma11, Gert-Jan Wolbink11, Peter K Gregersen12, Joel M Kremer14, J Bart A Crusius15, Niek de Vries10, Tom W J Huizinga13, João Eurico Fonseca16, Corinne Miceli-Richard17, Elizabeth W Karlson1, Marieke J H Coenen18, Anne Barton19, Robert M Plenge2, Soumya Raychaudhuri20. 1. Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. 2. Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, and Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 3. Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York. 4. Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal. 5. Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Bicêtre Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France. 6. New York University Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York. 7. Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan. 8. Columbia University, New York, New York. 9. The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri. 10. University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 11. Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 12. Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York. 13. Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands. 14. Albany Medical College and the Center for Rheumatology, Albany, New York. 15. VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 16. Universidade de Lisboa and Santa Maria Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal. 17. Service de Rhumatologie, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France. 18. Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. 19. Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester and Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK. 20. Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester and Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: In many rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, disease is controlled with anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) biologic therapies. However, in a significant number of patients, the disease fails to respond to anti-TNF therapy. We undertook the present study to examine the hypothesis that rare and low-frequency genetic variants might influence response to anti-TNF treatment. METHODS: We sequenced the coding region of 750 genes in 1,094 RA patients of European ancestry who were treated with anti-TNF. After quality control, 690 genes were included in the analysis. We applied single-variant association and gene-based association tests to identify variants associated with anti-TNF treatment response. In addition, given the key mechanistic role of TNF, we performed gene set analyses of 27 TNF pathway genes. RESULTS: We identified 14,420 functional variants, of which 6,934 were predicted as nonsynonymous 2,136 of which were further predicted to be "damaging." Despite the fact that the study was well powered, no single variant or gene showed study-wide significant association with change in the outcome measures disease activity or European League Against Rheumatism response. Intriguingly, we observed 3 genes, of 27 with nominal signals of association (P < 0.05), that were involved in the TNF signaling pathway. However, when we performed a rigorous gene set enrichment analysis based on association P value ranking, we observed no evidence of enrichment of association at genes involved in the TNF pathway (Penrichment = 0.15, based on phenotype permutations). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that rare and low-frequency protein-coding variants in TNF signaling pathway genes or other genes do not contribute substantially to anti-TNF treatment response in patients with RA.
OBJECTIVE: In many rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, disease is controlled with anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) biologic therapies. However, in a significant number of patients, the disease fails to respond to anti-TNF therapy. We undertook the present study to examine the hypothesis that rare and low-frequency genetic variants might influence response to anti-TNF treatment. METHODS: We sequenced the coding region of 750 genes in 1,094 RApatients of European ancestry who were treated with anti-TNF. After quality control, 690 genes were included in the analysis. We applied single-variant association and gene-based association tests to identify variants associated with anti-TNF treatment response. In addition, given the key mechanistic role of TNF, we performed gene set analyses of 27 TNF pathway genes. RESULTS: We identified 14,420 functional variants, of which 6,934 were predicted as nonsynonymous 2,136 of which were further predicted to be "damaging." Despite the fact that the study was well powered, no single variant or gene showed study-wide significant association with change in the outcome measures disease activity or European League Against Rheumatism response. Intriguingly, we observed 3 genes, of 27 with nominal signals of association (P < 0.05), that were involved in the TNF signaling pathway. However, when we performed a rigorous gene set enrichment analysis based on association P value ranking, we observed no evidence of enrichment of association at genes involved in the TNF pathway (Penrichment = 0.15, based on phenotype permutations). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that rare and low-frequency protein-coding variants in TNF signaling pathway genes or other genes do not contribute substantially to anti-TNF treatment response in patients with RA.
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