Pharmacokinetic properties and drug interactions of apigenin, a natural flavone.

INTRODUCTION: Apigenin, a natural flavone, is widely distributed in plants such as celery, parsley and chamomile. It is present principally as glycosylated in nature. Higher intake of apigenin could reduce the risk of chronic diseases. It has gained particular interest in recent years as a beneficial, health-promoting agent with low intrinsic toxicity. Areas covered: This review summarizes and the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) properties of apigenin, and drug-drug interaction of apigenin. Expert opinion: Since apigenin is a bioactive plant flavone and is widely distributed in common food, its consumption through the diet is recommended. Apigenin-enriched drugs are better for some chronic diseases, but may affect animal and human health if present in the daily diet. Dietary or therapeutic apigenin has value as a good cellular regulator in cancer, especially cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. Due to apigenin's limitations on absorption and bioavailability, novel carriers would need to be developed to enhance the oral bioavailability of apigenin. Further research about its ADME properties and drug-drug interactions are needed before apigenin can be brought to clinical trials.