Tomasz Smektala1, Ewelina Staniszewska2, Agata Sławińska3, Katarzyna Sporniak-Tutak4, Marcin Tutak5, Marcin Jędrzejewski6, Małgorzata Chrusciel-Nogalska7, Raphael Olszewski8. 1. Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland ; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Research Lab (OMFS/CHEX/IREC/SSS/UCL, Head: Pr Olszewski R, PhD), Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium ; Private Dental Practice, Aesthetic Dent, Szczecin, Poland. 2. Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Voivodeship Specialized Hospital, Szczecin, Poland. 3. Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Dr Antoni Jurasz University Hospital No. 1, Bydgoszcz, Poland. 4. Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland ; Private Dental Practice, Aesthetic Dent, Szczecin, Poland. 5. Private Dental Practice, Aesthetic Dent, Szczecin, Poland. 6. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Research Lab (OMFS/CHEX/IREC/SSS/UCL, Head: Pr Olszewski R, PhD), Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium ; Department of Dental Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland. 7. Department of Prosthodontics, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland. 8. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Research Lab (OMFS/CHEX/IREC/SSS/UCL, Head: Pr Olszewski R, PhD), Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to create an evidence-based three-dimensional cephalometric analysis of orbits in order to perform time-efficient measurements of postoperative orbital morphology changes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors used 23 (11 bilateral and 1 unilateral) anatomical landmarks. Based on these, 6 planes, 12 angular and 16 linear measurements were determined. A three dimensional analysis was performed twice by two observers on pre and post-operative computed tomography scans of six patients who had undergone midface advancement. The mean, minimal and maximal difference, as well as standard deviation (SD) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the inter- and intra-observer landmark selection reliability were calculated. Additionally, the mean, minimal, maximal difference and standard deviation between pre- and post-operative angular and linear measurements were calculated to examine a connection between the established measurements and any morphological change. RESULTS: The inter and intra-examiner accuracy of all landmarks for three axes was >0.9 ICC. Despite excellent inter and intra-examiner agreement (<2.49 mm ± 2.05 mm SD) for the landmark selection, linear and angular measurements showed a mismatch, the mean SD for angular measurements was found to be 8.2° and the linear 3.04 mm. DISCUSSION: The possible causes of linear and angular measurement discrepancies are discussed and the future direction for the development of three-dimensional cephalometric analysis of orbits proposed.
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to create an evidence-based three-dimensional cephalometric analysis of orbits in order to perform time-efficient measurements of postoperative orbital morphology changes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors used 23 (11 bilateral and 1 unilateral) anatomical landmarks. Based on these, 6 planes, 12 angular and 16 linear measurements were determined. A three dimensional analysis was performed twice by two observers on pre and post-operative computed tomography scans of six patients who had undergone midface advancement. The mean, minimal and maximal difference, as well as standard deviation (SD) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the inter- and intra-observer landmark selection reliability were calculated. Additionally, the mean, minimal, maximal difference and standard deviation between pre- and post-operative angular and linear measurements were calculated to examine a connection between the established measurements and any morphological change. RESULTS: The inter and intra-examiner accuracy of all landmarks for three axes was >0.9 ICC. Despite excellent inter and intra-examiner agreement (<2.49 mm ± 2.05 mm SD) for the landmark selection, linear and angular measurements showed a mismatch, the mean SD for angular measurements was found to be 8.2° and the linear 3.04 mm. DISCUSSION: The possible causes of linear and angular measurement discrepancies are discussed and the future direction for the development of three-dimensional cephalometric analysis of orbits proposed.
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