Mohammad Y Yakoob1, Renata Micha1, Shahab Khatibzadeh1, Gitanjali M Singh1, Peilin Shi1, Habibul Ahsan1, Nagalla Balakrishna1, Ginnela N V Brahmam1, Yu Chen1, Ashkan Afshin1, Saman Fahimi1, Goodarz Danaei1, John W Powles1, Majid Ezzati1, Dariush Mozaffarian1. 1. Mohammad Y. Yakoob is with the Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Saman Fahimi is with the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Renata Micha, Gitanjali M. Singh, Peilin Shi, and Dariush Mozaffarian are with Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston. Shahab Khatibzadeh and Goodarz Danaei are with the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health. Habibul Ahsan is with the Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, IL. Nagalla Balakrishna and Ginnela N. V. Brahmam are with the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Yu Chen is with the Department of Population Health (Epidemiology) and Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY. Ashkan Afshin is with the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA. John W. Powles is with the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, UK. Majid Ezzati is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To quantify cardiovascular disease and diabetes deaths attributable to dietary and metabolic risks by country, age, sex, and time in South Asian countries. METHODS: We used the 2010 Global Burden of Disease national surveys to characterize risk factor levels by age and sex. We derived etiological effects of risk factors-disease endpoints, by age, from meta-analyses. We defined optimal levels. We combined these inputs with cause-specific mortality rates to compute population-attributable fractions as a percentage of total cardiometabolic deaths. RESULTS: Suboptimal diet was the leading cause of cardiometabolic mortality in 4 of 5 countries, with population-attributable fractions from 40.7% (95% uncertainty interval = 37.4, 44.1) in Bangladesh to 56.9% (95% uncertainty interval = 52.4, 61.5) in Pakistan. High systolic blood pressure was the second leading cause, except in Bangladesh, where it superseded suboptimal diet. This was followed in all nations by high fasting plasma glucose, low fruit intake, and low whole grain intake. Other prominent burdens were more variable, such as low intake of vegetables, low omega-3 fats, and high sodium intake in India, Nepal, and Pakistan. CONCLUSIONS: Important similarities and differences are evident in cardiometabolic mortality burdens of modifiable dietary and metabolic risks across these countries, informing health policy and program priorities.
OBJECTIVES: To quantify cardiovascular disease and diabetes deaths attributable to dietary and metabolic risks by country, age, sex, and time in South Asian countries. METHODS: We used the 2010 Global Burden of Disease national surveys to characterize risk factor levels by age and sex. We derived etiological effects of risk factors-disease endpoints, by age, from meta-analyses. We defined optimal levels. We combined these inputs with cause-specific mortality rates to compute population-attributable fractions as a percentage of total cardiometabolic deaths. RESULTS: Suboptimal diet was the leading cause of cardiometabolic mortality in 4 of 5 countries, with population-attributable fractions from 40.7% (95% uncertainty interval = 37.4, 44.1) in Bangladesh to 56.9% (95% uncertainty interval = 52.4, 61.5) in Pakistan. High systolic blood pressure was the second leading cause, except in Bangladesh, where it superseded suboptimal diet. This was followed in all nations by high fasting plasma glucose, low fruit intake, and low whole grain intake. Other prominent burdens were more variable, such as low intake of vegetables, low omega-3 fats, and high sodium intake in India, Nepal, and Pakistan. CONCLUSIONS: Important similarities and differences are evident in cardiometabolic mortality burdens of modifiable dietary and metabolic risks across these countries, informing health policy and program priorities.
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