Maaike G Dijkstra1, Marjolein van Zummeren2, Lawrence Rozendaal2, Folkert J van Kemenade3, Theo J M Helmerhorst4, Peter J F Snijders2, Chris J L M Meijer2, Johannes Berkhof5. 1. Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 2. Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 3. Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands. 4. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands. 5. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Centre, PO box 7057, 1007MB Amsterdam, Netherlands h.berkhof@vumc.nl.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To provide an early risk assessment of extending screening intervals beyond five years for a human papillomavirus (HPV) based cervical screening programme in the Netherlands. DESIGN: 14 year follow-up of a population based randomised cohort from the POBASCAM randomised trial. SETTING: Organised cervical screening in the Netherlands, based on a programme of three screening rounds (each round done every five years). PARTICIPANTS: 43 339 women aged 29-61 years with a negative HPV and/or negative cytology test participating in the POBASCAM trial. INTERVENTIONS: Women randomly assigned to HPV and cytology co-testing (intervention) or cytology testing only (control), and managed accordingly. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cumulative incidence of cervical cancer and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 3 or worse (CIN3+). Associations with age were expressed as incidence rate ratios. In HPV positive women, reductions in CIN3+ incidence after negative cytology, HPV type 16/18 genotyping, and/or repeat cytology were estimated. RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of cervical cancer (0.09%) and CIN3+ (0.56%) among HPV negative women in the intervention group after three rounds of screening were similar to the cumulative among women with negative cytology in the control group after two rounds (0.09% and 0.69%, respectively). Cervical cancer and CIN3+ risk ratios were 0.97 (95% confidence interval 0.41 to 2.31, P=0.95) and 0.82 (0.62 to 1.09, P=0.17), respectively. CIN3+ incidence was 72.2% (95% confidence interval 61.6% to 79.9%, P<0.001) lower among HPV negative women aged at least 40 years than among younger women. No significant association between cervical cancer incidence and age could be demonstrated. CIN3+ incidence among HPV positive women with negative cytology, HPV 16/18 genotyping, and/or repeat cytology was 10.4 (95% confidence interval 5.9 to 18.4) times higher than among HPV negative women. CONCLUSIONS: Long term incidences of cervical cancer and CIN3+ were low among HPV negative women in this study cohort, and supports an extension of the cervical screening interval beyond five years for women aged 40 years and older. HPV positive women with subsequent negative cytology, HPV16/18 genotyping, and/or repeat cytology have at least a fivefold higher risk of CIN3+ than HPV negative women, indicating that HPV based programmes with long intervals (>five years) should be implemented with risk stratification.Trial registration POBASCAM trial number ISRCTN20781131. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.
RCT Entities:
OBJECTIVES: To provide an early risk assessment of extending screening intervals beyond five years for a human papillomavirus (HPV) based cervical screening programme in the Netherlands. DESIGN: 14 year follow-up of a population based randomised cohort from the POBASCAM randomised trial. SETTING: Organised cervical screening in the Netherlands, based on a programme of three screening rounds (each round done every five years). PARTICIPANTS: 43 339 women aged 29-61 years with a negative HPV and/or negative cytology test participating in the POBASCAM trial. INTERVENTIONS:Women randomly assigned to HPV and cytology co-testing (intervention) or cytology testing only (control), and managed accordingly. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cumulative incidence of cervical cancer and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 3 or worse (CIN3+). Associations with age were expressed as incidence rate ratios. In HPV positive women, reductions in CIN3+ incidence after negative cytology, HPV type 16/18 genotyping, and/or repeat cytology were estimated. RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of cervical cancer (0.09%) and CIN3+ (0.56%) among HPV negative women in the intervention group after three rounds of screening were similar to the cumulative among women with negative cytology in the control group after two rounds (0.09% and 0.69%, respectively). Cervical cancer and CIN3+ risk ratios were 0.97 (95% confidence interval 0.41 to 2.31, P=0.95) and 0.82 (0.62 to 1.09, P=0.17), respectively. CIN3+ incidence was 72.2% (95% confidence interval 61.6% to 79.9%, P<0.001) lower among HPV negative women aged at least 40 years than among younger women. No significant association between cervical cancer incidence and age could be demonstrated. CIN3+ incidence among HPV positive women with negative cytology, HPV 16/18 genotyping, and/or repeat cytology was 10.4 (95% confidence interval 5.9 to 18.4) times higher than among HPV negative women. CONCLUSIONS: Long term incidences of cervical cancer and CIN3+ were low among HPV negative women in this study cohort, and supports an extension of the cervical screening interval beyond five years for women aged 40 years and older. HPV positive women with subsequent negative cytology, HPV16/18 genotyping, and/or repeat cytology have at least a fivefold higher risk of CIN3+ than HPV negative women, indicating that HPV based programmes with long intervals (>five years) should be implemented with risk stratification.Trial registration POBASCAM trial number ISRCTN20781131. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.
Authors: Gabrielle Griffin-Mathieu; Ben Haward; Ovidiu Tatar; Patricia Zhu; Samara Perez; Gilla K Shapiro; Emily McBride; Erika L Thompson; Laurie W Smith; Aisha K Lofters; Ellen M Daley; Juliet R Guichon; Jo Waller; Marc Steben; Kathleen M Decker; Marie-Helene Mayrand; Julia M L Brotherton; Gina S Ogilvie; Gregory D Zimet; Teresa Norris; Zeev Rosberger Journal: JMIR Res Protoc Date: 2022-06-16
Authors: Anna Gottschlich; Dirk van Niekerk; Laurie W Smith; Lovedeep Gondara; Joy Melnikow; Darrel A Cook; Marette Lee; Gavin Stuart; Ruth E Martin; Stuart Peacock; Eduardo L Franco; Andrew Coldman; Mel Krajden; Gina Ogilvie Journal: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev Date: 2020-10-20 Impact factor: 4.254