Safety and pain in electrodiagnostic studies.

Discomfort is an unavoidable part of electrodiagnostic (EDX) studies. The most readily modifiable mediator of electromyography (EMG)-associated pain is muscle selection. Interventions that may reduce pain include vapocoolant spray, ibuprofen, and techniques such as slapping or stretching the skin. Needlestick injuries to health care workers carry the risk of transmitting bloodborne illnesses, but other infectious complications of EDX studies are very rare. EMG probably contributes to asymptomatic hemorrhage in approximately 1% of patients, but clinically significant bleeding has only been reported a few times. Therapeutic anticoagulation does not significantly increase this risk. With standard procedures, there have been no reports of patients developing cardiac arrhythmia from nerve conduction studies. No special precautions are necessary in patients with implantable cardiac devices or intravenous lines. There is a small risk of pneumothorax associated with EMG of the diaphragm and chest wall muscles. Several techniques have been suggested to improve the safety of diaphragm EMG. Muscle Nerve 55: 149-159, 2017.