Liang Chen1, Shunfang Yang2, Jinqi Jiang1, Ying Zhang1, Hui Feng1, Jie Cao2, Xinyue Ge3, Wenhui Xie2. 1. Department of Emergency, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China. 2. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China. 3. Department of Laboratory, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: A great individual differences to chemotherapeutic effects existed in the patient with advanced lung cancer. How to choose the optimum regimens to achieve the individuation and maximum effect of chemotherapy for lung cancer is worth exploring. The study was designed to examine the effect of ex vitro chemo-sensitivity assay in xeno-free culture of autologous malignant effusion cells from patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. METHODS: The 50 treatment-naive patients with lung adenocarcinoma complicated with malignant pleural or pericardial effusions were enrolled. Effusions of all cases had been controlled by closed drainage and 300 mL-500 mL of which were retained under sterile condition from 25 cases (Chemo-sensitivity group). Primary malignant effusion cells were isolated from autologous effusions of the patients. Then, xeno-free culture (average 11 days) were intervened with 8 chemotherapeutic drugs commonly used in clinical practice and were determined by CCK-8 assay. Optimum regimens were selected for chemotherapy based on the results of chemosensitivity test. As a contrast, chemotherapy regimens for the other 25 patients (Control group) were on the basis of physician's clinical experience. RESULTS: After four cycles of chemotherapy, in Chemo-sensitivity group, 17 (68.0%) cases were determined for partial response (PR), 5 (20.0%) cases for stable disease (SD), and the objective response rate (ORR) was 68.0%, the disease control rate (DCR) was 88.0%. Meanwhile, in Control group, 9 (36.0%) cases were determined for PR, 7 (28.0%) cases for SD, and, the ORR was 36.0%, the DCR was 64.0%. There were significant differences between the two groups in ORR and DCR (P<0.05). To the end of follow-up, there were 21 cases of death in Chemo-sensitivity group as well as 22 cases in Control group. The mean progression-free survival (PFS) in Chemo-sensitivity group and Control group respectively were 10.0 months and 5.8 months, and the mean overall survival (OS) in the two groups were 30.2 months and 21.2 months respectively. There were also significant differences between the two groups in PFS and OS (P<0.05). Furthermore, the adverse reactions in both groups were mild and controllable. CONCLUSIONS: Xeno-free culture of autologous malignant effusion cells from patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma and ex vitro chemo-sensitivity assay are beneficial to the rational choices of chemotherapeutic agents used in patients with lung adenocarcinoma complicated with malignant effusions, which is a worthy trial in personalized cell culture for individualized cancer therapy and further studies.
BACKGROUND: A great individual differences to chemotherapeutic effects existed in the patient with advanced lung cancer. How to choose the optimum regimens to achieve the individuation and maximum effect of chemotherapy for lung cancer is worth exploring. The study was designed to examine the effect of ex vitro chemo-sensitivity assay in xeno-free culture of autologous malignant effusion cells from patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. METHODS: The 50 treatment-naive patients with lung adenocarcinoma complicated with malignant pleural or pericardial effusions were enrolled. Effusions of all cases had been controlled by closed drainage and 300 mL-500 mL of which were retained under sterile condition from 25 cases (Chemo-sensitivity group). Primary malignant effusion cells were isolated from autologous effusions of the patients. Then, xeno-free culture (average 11 days) were intervened with 8 chemotherapeutic drugs commonly used in clinical practice and were determined by CCK-8 assay. Optimum regimens were selected for chemotherapy based on the results of chemosensitivity test. As a contrast, chemotherapy regimens for the other 25 patients (Control group) were on the basis of physician's clinical experience. RESULTS: After four cycles of chemotherapy, in Chemo-sensitivity group, 17 (68.0%) cases were determined for partial response (PR), 5 (20.0%) cases for stable disease (SD), and the objective response rate (ORR) was 68.0%, the disease control rate (DCR) was 88.0%. Meanwhile, in Control group, 9 (36.0%) cases were determined for PR, 7 (28.0%) cases for SD, and, the ORR was 36.0%, the DCR was 64.0%. There were significant differences between the two groups in ORR and DCR (P<0.05). To the end of follow-up, there were 21 cases of death in Chemo-sensitivity group as well as 22 cases in Control group. The mean progression-free survival (PFS) in Chemo-sensitivity group and Control group respectively were 10.0 months and 5.8 months, and the mean overall survival (OS) in the two groups were 30.2 months and 21.2 months respectively. There were also significant differences between the two groups in PFS and OS (P<0.05). Furthermore, the adverse reactions in both groups were mild and controllable. CONCLUSIONS: Xeno-free culture of autologous malignant effusion cells from patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma and ex vitro chemo-sensitivity assay are beneficial to the rational choices of chemotherapeutic agents used in patients with lung adenocarcinoma complicated with malignant effusions, which is a worthy trial in personalized cell culture for individualized cancer therapy and further studies.
收集我科2010年4月-2013年3月收治的肺癌患者50例(表 1),其中男性24例,女性26例,年龄54岁-66岁。结合影像学和病理学确诊为原发性肺腺癌,均合并胸腔积液和/或心包积液,积液细胞学检查明确腺癌细胞的存在,其中部分患者同时合并骨、脑、肺等远处脏器的转移,按国际抗癌联盟(Union for International Cancer Control, UICC)第7版分期[均为Ⅳ期病例。所有患者都具有影像学可评估的靶病灶,且其主要脏器功能正常,积液引流后全身情况良好,功能状态评分(Zubrod-ECOG-WHO score, ZPS)≤2分,无化疗禁忌症,均能耐受全身化疗,且既往无放疗和/或化疗病史。所有患者在整个生命期内均无靶向药物应用史。随访截止日期至2016年3月31日。
1
50例肺腺癌患者的临床特征、治疗效果和生存时间
Clinical characteristics, therapeutic effects and survival time of 50 patients with lung adenocarcinoma
The autologous carcinomatous cells derived from malignant pleural effusion in a 57 yr female with late-stage lung adenocarcinoma under the contrast phase microsope (×40)
一例57岁女性肺腺癌患者自体胸腔积液培养7 d的癌细胞相差显微镜图(×40)The autologous carcinomatous cells derived from malignant pleural effusion in a 57 yr female with late-stage lung adenocarcinoma under the contrast phase microsope (×40)所用化疗药物在体外对自体积液培养的癌细胞的抑制率见表 2。各药物的平均抑制率随药物浓度的增加而增高;除中、低浓度的PEM对细胞的平均抑制率低于30%,其余药物在不同浓度下的抑制率均 > 30%;在中浓度时,除了PEM和GEM,其余药物的抑制率均 > 50%;而在高浓度时,除了PEM,其余药物的抑制率均 > 50%;所有药物的平均抑制率均未超过70%。
2
各化疗药物对肺腺癌细胞的抑制率(%, Mean±SD)
Inhibitory rates of chemotherapy drugs for lung adenocarcinoma cells (%, Mean±SD)
Kaplan-Meier curves of overall survival probabilities for patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma, there was significant difference between the two groups (P=0.023, 4).
两组患者总生存期曲线(Kaplan-Meier),差异有统计学意义(P=0.023, 4)Kaplan-Meier curves of overall survival probabilities for patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma, there was significant difference between the two groups (P=0.023, 4).
时至今日,中晚期肺癌尤其合并胸腔或心包积液患者的预后依然不佳。虽然分子靶向药物的研发和应用为非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)的预后、生存质量的改善作出了里程碑式的贡献,然而由于患者个体差异的存在、基因突变位点的不同,以及当前对于肿瘤相关突变基因的检测能力有限而无法完全获取所有的靶点信息,导致靶向药物的获益人群和获益时间均十分有限。因此,虽然化疗的效果有限且存在一定的毒副作用,但其依然是现阶段多数中晚期肺癌患者延长生命时间的重要手段。目前针对NSCLC化疗方案的选择较大依赖于临床医师的治疗经验,缺乏个体化选择标准,因此不可避免存在一定的盲目性,故而无法实现肿瘤化疗的最佳效益,导致化疗“瓶颈”的出现。而癌细胞药敏试验为化疗方案的选择开辟了新的方向。Iwahashi等[报道了64例行胃大部切除术的胃癌患者在药敏试验指导下进行全身化疗后的5年生存率比经验化疗有明显提高。Lau等[发现在药敏试验指导下化疗的乳腺癌患者比经验性化疗者得到了更高的临床缓解率(10/24 vs 0/12),肿瘤面积的缩小率亦有提高(75% vs 26%)。国内聂磊等[也通过药敏试验结果指导24例肝细胞癌患者的肝动脉和门静脉区域化疗,与对照组相比,缓解率(50.0% vs 20.0%)、疾病控制率(70.8% vs 35.0%)及疾病进展时间[(4.7 ±2.9)个月vs(2.6±1.3)个月]均有明显优势。而对于肺癌,Kawamura等[曾通过胶滴肿瘤药敏检测技术对49例NSCLC患者行药敏试验,其中22例存在敏感药物而进行了药敏试验指导下的全身化疗,其临床缓解率为72.7%、中位生存期为15个月;而另11例试验不敏感者进行了经验性化疗,其缓解率为0、中位生存期仅为6个月。然而,现有研究中药敏试验所采用的肿瘤细胞几乎均来源于手术切取或细针穿刺所得的肿瘤组织,通过酶解或钢网滤过等方法而获得,在胎牛血清等特定培养液中培养,继而采用四氮唑蓝(MTT)、ATP生物荧光法(ATP-TCA)等[方法进行抗癌药物敏感性测定。由于肿瘤细胞来源于实体组织块,离体后却在非自身来源的培养液中生长,其离体和在体生长环境、营养来源存在极大差异,导致肿瘤离体后的生长方式、生物学特性发生了一定程度的改变,离体细胞对药物的敏感性与体内肿瘤对化疗的反应性并非完全一致,从而丧失了药敏试验指导临床化疗的优越性。Wu等[通过对353例胃癌患者进行对照性研究,其中157例按MTT法药敏试验结果指导化疗、196例按经验方案化疗,最终发现药敏组的5年生存率为47.5%、经验组为45.1%,差异无统计学意义,可能就有以上原因存在。晚期肺癌易发生胸膜腔或心包腔转移而导致胸腔和/或心包积液的生成,而胸腔/心包积液正是肺癌细胞的最好来源,其获取途径安全、便利。同时积液又是肺癌细胞的天然培养基,癌细胞离体后在自体积液环境中培养能最大程度的模拟体内环境,从而保持与体内相同的生长方式和生物学特性以及对药物的敏感性。因此,胸腔/心包积液来源并于自体积液培养下的癌细胞药敏试验结果在一定程度上能更好地反映在体肿瘤对化疗药物的敏感性,从而能更好地指导临床化疗方案的选择和患者的个体化治疗,提高治疗效果,最终使中晚期肺癌患者能更多的从化疗中获益。本研究以肺腺癌患者为研究对象,是因为其胸腔/心包积液中较其他类型肺癌更容易获取转移性癌细胞,从而提高细胞培养及药敏试验的成功率。通过研究发现,药敏试验指导下全身化疗的ORR和DCR分别为68.0%和88.0%,明显优于对照组的36.0%和64.0%;进而,药敏组的PFS和OS平均分别为10.0个月和30.2个月,亦明显长于对照组5.8个月和21.2个月。且两组化疗的毒副反应均轻微、可控,其发生率及严重程度主要与不同药物的自身特性相关。因此,自体积液癌细胞培养后的药敏试验对晚期肺腺癌化疗方案的选择具有一定的临床应用价值。然而,通过试验结果发现,目前常用化疗药物对肺癌细胞的体外抑制率总体不高,平均抑制率均未超过70%,从而可以解释药敏组患者全身化疗的效果虽然优于对照组但总体疗效依然并不理想的原因。因此,期待更大样本对照研究的开展和更安全有效抗肿瘤药物的研发以进一步提高中晚期肺癌患者个体化治疗的效果,实现最大限度地延长生命时间、提高生命质量。