Mushtaq Ahmad Ansari1, Mohammad Raish2, Ajaz Ahmad3, Sheikh Fayaz Ahmad4, Shahid Mudassar5, Kazi Mohsin2, Faiyaz Shakeel2, Hesham M Korashy4, Saleh A Bakheet4. 1. Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: muansari@ksu.edu.sa. 2. Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. 3. Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. 4. Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. 5. Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
Abstract
AIMS: In this study, the renoprotective functions of sinapic acid (SA), a polyphenol, on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and the pathway that mediates this function were examined. MAIN METHODS: Kidney function markers (serum urea, uric acid, creatinine, LDH, and γ-GGT) and histopathological examinations of the kidney were used to evaluate gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Oxidative stress markers (lipid peroxidation and total protein), renal nitrosative stress (nitric oxide), antioxidant enzymes (catalase and NP-SH), inflammation markers (NF-κB [p65], TNF-α, IL-6, and myeloperoxidase [MPO]), and apoptotic markers (caspase 3, Bax, and Bcl-2) were also assessed. KEY FINDINGS: SA (10 and 20mg/kg) pretreatment along with gentamicin restored kidney function, upregulated antioxidant levels, and downregulated lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide levels, resulting in significant decreases in oxidative and nitrosative stress. Gentamicin promoted the upregulation of renal cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), nuclear NF-κB (p65) expression, NF-κB-DNA binding activity, and MPO activity were significantly down regulated upon SA pretreatment. Furthermore, SA pretreatment downregulated caspase 3 and Bax protein expressions and upregulated Bcl-2 protein expression. SA pretreatment also mitigated the magnitude of histological damage and reduced neutrophil infiltration in renal tubules. SIGNIFICANCE: These outcomes indicated that SA pretreatment mitigates renal impairment and structural injuries via the downregulation of oxidative/nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the kidney.
AIMS: In this study, the renoprotective functions of sinapic acid (SA), a polyphenol, on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and the pathway that mediates this function were examined. MAIN METHODS: Kidney function markers (serum urea, uric acid, creatinine, LDH, and γ-GGT) and histopathological examinations of the kidney were used to evaluate gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Oxidative stress markers (lipid peroxidation and total protein), renal nitrosative stress (nitric oxide), antioxidant enzymes (catalase and NP-SH), inflammation markers (NF-κB [p65], TNF-α, IL-6, and myeloperoxidase [MPO]), and apoptotic markers (caspase 3, Bax, and Bcl-2) were also assessed. KEY FINDINGS:SA (10 and 20mg/kg) pretreatment along with gentamicin restored kidney function, upregulated antioxidant levels, and downregulated lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide levels, resulting in significant decreases in oxidative and nitrosative stress. Gentamicin promoted the upregulation of renal cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), nuclear NF-κB (p65) expression, NF-κB-DNA binding activity, and MPO activity were significantly down regulated upon SA pretreatment. Furthermore, SA pretreatment downregulated caspase 3 and Bax protein expressions and upregulated Bcl-2 protein expression. SA pretreatment also mitigated the magnitude of histological damage and reduced neutrophil infiltration in renal tubules. SIGNIFICANCE: These outcomes indicated that SA pretreatment mitigates renal impairment and structural injuries via the downregulation of oxidative/nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the kidney.
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