Maria A Gonzalez Porras1, Paul N Durfee2, Ashley M Gregory1, Gary C Sieck3, C Jeffrey Brinker4, Carlos B Mantilla5. 1. Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States. 2. Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, Advanced Materials, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States. 3. Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States. 4. Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, Advanced Materials, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States; Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, United States. 5. Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States. Electronic address: mantilla.carlos@mayo.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Trophic interactions between muscle fibers and motoneurons at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) play a critical role in determining motor function throughout development, ageing, injury, or disease. Treatment of neuromuscular disorders is hindered by the inability to selectively target motoneurons with pharmacological and genetic interventions. NEW METHOD: We describe a novel delivery system to motoneurons using mesoporous silica nanoparticles encapsulated within a lipid bilayer (protocells) and modified with the atoxic subunit B of the cholera toxin (CTB) that binds to gangliosides present on neuronal membranes. RESULTS: CTB modified protocells showed significantly greater motoneuron uptake compared to unmodified protocells after 24h of treatment (60% vs. 15%, respectively). CTB-protocells showed specific uptake by motoneurons compared to muscle cells and demonstrated cargo release of a surrogate drug. Protocells showed a lack of cytotoxicity and unimpaired cellular proliferation. In isolated diaphragm muscle-phrenic nerve preparations, preferential axon terminal uptake of CTB-modified protocells was observed compared to uptake in surrounding muscle tissue. A larger proportion of axon terminals displayed uptake following treatment with CTB-protocells compared to unmodified protocells (40% vs. 6%, respectively). COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S): Current motoneuron targeting strategies lack the functionality to load and deliver multiple cargos. CTB-protocells capitalizes on the advantages of liposomes and mesoporous silica nanoparticles allowing a large loading capacity and cargo release. The ability of CTB-protocells to target motoneurons at the NMJ confers a great advantage over existing methods. CONCLUSIONS: CTB-protocells constitute a viable targeted motoneuron delivery system for drugs and genes facilitating various therapies for neuromuscular diseases.
BACKGROUND: Trophic interactions between muscle fibers and motoneurons at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) play a critical role in determining motor function throughout development, ageing, injury, or disease. Treatment of neuromuscular disorders is hindered by the inability to selectively target motoneurons with pharmacological and genetic interventions. NEW METHOD: We describe a novel delivery system to motoneurons using mesoporous silica nanoparticles encapsulated within a lipid bilayer (protocells) and modified with the atoxic subunit B of the cholera toxin (CTB) that binds to gangliosides present on neuronal membranes. RESULTS:CTB modified protocells showed significantly greater motoneuron uptake compared to unmodified protocells after 24h of treatment (60% vs. 15%, respectively). CTB-protocells showed specific uptake by motoneurons compared to muscle cells and demonstrated cargo release of a surrogate drug. Protocells showed a lack of cytotoxicity and unimpaired cellular proliferation. In isolated diaphragm muscle-phrenic nerve preparations, preferential axon terminal uptake of CTB-modified protocells was observed compared to uptake in surrounding muscle tissue. A larger proportion of axon terminals displayed uptake following treatment with CTB-protocells compared to unmodified protocells (40% vs. 6%, respectively). COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S): Current motoneuron targeting strategies lack the functionality to load and deliver multiple cargos. CTB-protocells capitalizes on the advantages of liposomes and mesoporous silica nanoparticles allowing a large loading capacity and cargo release. The ability of CTB-protocells to target motoneurons at the NMJ confers a great advantage over existing methods. CONCLUSIONS:CTB-protocells constitute a viable targeted motoneuron delivery system for drugs and genes facilitating various therapies for neuromuscular diseases.
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