Anna Z Pollack1, Neil J Perkins2, Lindsey Sjaarda3, Sunni L Mumford4, Kurunthachalam Kannan5, Claire Philippat6, Jean Wactawski-Wende7, Enrique F Schisterman8. 1. Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA. Electronic address: apollac2@gmu.edu. 2. Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6100 Executive Blvd., Rockville, MD 20852, USA. Electronic address: perkinsn@mail.nih.gov. 3. Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6100 Executive Blvd., Rockville, MD 20852, USA. Electronic address: lindsey.sjaarda@nih.gov. 4. Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6100 Executive Blvd., Rockville, MD 20852, USA. Electronic address: mumfords@mail.nih.gov. 5. Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, School of Public Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA. Electronic address: kurunthachalam.kannan@health.ny.gov. 6. Universite Grenoble Alpes, IAB, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, F-38000 Grenoble, France; INSERM, IAB, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, F-38000 Grenoble, France. Electronic address: Claire.philippat@inserm.fr. 7. Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 410 Kimball Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA. Electronic address: jww@buffalo.edu. 8. Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6100 Executive Blvd., Rockville, MD 20852, USA. Electronic address: schistee@mail.nih.gov.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Human exposure to phenols and parabens is widespread. Within-person variability of urinary concentrations in healthy women is not well characterized. OBJECTIVES: To characterize the variability of urinary phenol and paraben concentrations across two months and evaluate the ability of a single spot urine sample to characterize exposure. METHODS: 143 women provided 509 spot urine samples collected across two months of study (3-5 samples/woman). We measured urinary concentrations of 8 phenols: bisphenol A (BPA), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), benzophenone-1 (BP-1), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,5-dichlorophenol (2,5-DCP), 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), triclosan (TCS); and 8 parabens and their metabolites (benzyl (BzP), butyl (BuP), ethyl (EtP), heptyl (HeP), methyl (MeP), propyl (PrP), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HB), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHB)). Biomarker variability was characterized using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and surrogate category analyses were conducted. RESULTS: ICCs ranged from very low for BPA (0.04) to moderate for BP-3, BP-1, TCS, BzP, and MeP (0.66, 0.58, 0.55, 0.54, and 0.62, respectively). Surrogate analyses suggested that BP-1, BP-3, TCS, 2,4-DCP, BuP, and PrP may be characterized by a single spot sample (sensitivity range 0.76-0.86) but that additional samples were necessary for BPA, HeP, 4-HB, and 3,4-DHB (sensitivity range 0.47-0.61). CONCLUSIONS: Urinary phenol and paraben metabolite concentrations were variable across two months in healthy women but the degree of reliability differed by the specific biomarker. A small number of samples may sufficiently characterize typical concentrations for BP-3, BP-1, TCS, BuP, and PrP; but additional biospecimens may be necessary to characterize exposure for other compounds, including BPA.
BACKGROUND:Human exposure to phenols and parabens is widespread. Within-person variability of urinary concentrations in healthy women is not well characterized. OBJECTIVES: To characterize the variability of urinary phenol and paraben concentrations across two months and evaluate the ability of a single spot urine sample to characterize exposure. METHODS: 143 women provided 509 spot urine samples collected across two months of study (3-5 samples/woman). We measured urinary concentrations of 8 phenols: bisphenol A (BPA), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), benzophenone-1 (BP-1), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,5-dichlorophenol (2,5-DCP), 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), triclosan (TCS); and 8 parabens and their metabolites (benzyl (BzP), butyl (BuP), ethyl (EtP), heptyl (HeP), methyl (MeP), propyl (PrP), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HB), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHB)). Biomarker variability was characterized using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and surrogate category analyses were conducted. RESULTS: ICCs ranged from very low for BPA (0.04) to moderate for BP-3, BP-1, TCS, BzP, and MeP (0.66, 0.58, 0.55, 0.54, and 0.62, respectively). Surrogate analyses suggested that BP-1, BP-3, TCS, 2,4-DCP, BuP, and PrP may be characterized by a single spot sample (sensitivity range 0.76-0.86) but that additional samples were necessary for BPA, HeP, 4-HB, and 3,4-DHB (sensitivity range 0.47-0.61). CONCLUSIONS: Urinary phenol and paraben metabolite concentrations were variable across two months in healthy women but the degree of reliability differed by the specific biomarker. A small number of samples may sufficiently characterize typical concentrations for BP-3, BP-1, TCS, BuP, and PrP; but additional biospecimens may be necessary to characterize exposure for other compounds, including BPA.
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