Dejanira Almeida1, Elisabete Cristovam2, Daniel Caldeira3, Joaquim J Ferreira3, Teresa Marques2. 1. Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal. Electronic address: dejaniradealmeida@gmail.com. 2. Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal. 3. Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisbon, Portugal.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Legionnaires' disease (LD) is recognized as an important hospital-acquired disease. Despite the several methods available, the optimal method to control hospital-acquired LD is not well established and their overall efficacy requires further evaluation. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review all controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of interventions to prevent hospital-acquired LD in patients at high risk of developing the disease and its effects on environmental colonization. METHODS: A database search was performed through PubMed and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (inception-November 2014). Eligible studies included all controlled studies evaluating interventions to prevent hospital-acquired LD in patients at high risk or evaluating the effect on environmental colonization. Both individual and pooled risk estimates were reported using risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). RESULTS: There were no studies evaluating the risk reduction in hospital-acquired LD, but 4 studies evaluated the influence of copper-silver ionization and ultraviolet light in the reduction of environmental reservoirs of Legionella. The meta-analysis showed a significant 95% risk reduction of Legionella positivity in environmental samples using copper-silver ionization (RR, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.01-0.17) and 97% risk reduction with ultraviolet light (RR, 0.03; 95% CI, 0.002-0.41). CONCLUSIONS: The best available evidence suggests that copper-silver ionization and ultraviolet light are effective in reducing Legionella positivity in environmental samples. Nevertheless, the low quality of evidence weakens the robustness of conclusions.
BACKGROUND:Legionnaires' disease (LD) is recognized as an important hospital-acquired disease. Despite the several methods available, the optimal method to control hospital-acquired LD is not well established and their overall efficacy requires further evaluation. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review all controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of interventions to prevent hospital-acquired LD in patients at high risk of developing the disease and its effects on environmental colonization. METHODS: A database search was performed through PubMed and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (inception-November 2014). Eligible studies included all controlled studies evaluating interventions to prevent hospital-acquired LD in patients at high risk or evaluating the effect on environmental colonization. Both individual and pooled risk estimates were reported using risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). RESULTS: There were no studies evaluating the risk reduction in hospital-acquired LD, but 4 studies evaluated the influence of copper-silver ionization and ultraviolet light in the reduction of environmental reservoirs of Legionella. The meta-analysis showed a significant 95% risk reduction of Legionella positivity in environmental samples using copper-silver ionization (RR, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.01-0.17) and 97% risk reduction with ultraviolet light (RR, 0.03; 95% CI, 0.002-0.41). CONCLUSIONS: The best available evidence suggests that copper-silver ionization and ultraviolet light are effective in reducing Legionella positivity in environmental samples. Nevertheless, the low quality of evidence weakens the robustness of conclusions.
Authors: Maria A Kyritsi; Varvara A Mouchtouri; Antonis Katsioulis; Elina Kostara; Vasileios Nakoulas; Marina Hatzinikou; Christos Hadjichristodoulou Journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health Date: 2018-11-30 Impact factor: 3.390
Authors: Matthias Unterberg; Tim Rahmel; Thomas Kissinger; Christian Petermichl; Michael Bosmanns; Martin Niebius; Christina Schulze; Hans-Peter Jochum; Nina Parohl; Michael Adamzik; Hartmuth Nowak Journal: J Prev Med Hyg Date: 2021-09-15
Authors: Maria A Kyritsi; Varvara A Mouchtouri; Anna Katsiafliaka; Foteini Kolokythopoulou; Elias Plakokefalos; Vasileios Nakoulas; George Rachiotis; Christos Hadjichristodoulou Journal: Case Rep Infect Dis Date: 2018-08-15