International patterns of dual antiplatelet therapy duration after acute coronary syndromes.

OBJECTIVE: To describe international patterns of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) duration after acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and explore its determinants and correlation with clinical events.
METHODS: EPICOR (long-tErm follow-uP of anti-thrombotic management patterns In acute CORonary syndrome patients) is a prospective, international, observational study of 10 568 ACS hospital survivors enrolled in 555 centres from 20 countries across Europe and Latin America between 2010 and 2011, with telephone follow-up at quarterly intervals up to 24 months to assess treatment continuation and clinical events.
RESULTS: Of 8593 patients discharged on DAPT, 4859 (57%) remained on uninterrupted DAPT at end of follow-up. There were minor differences in rates of DAPT discontinuation according to age, gender, risk factors, therapeutic strategy or region, but major differences between countries. By study end, 555 of evaluable patients (5.7%) died, 727 (10.0%) experienced new cardiovascular (CV) events, 496 new coronary events (6.82%) and 154 (2.11%) clinically relevant bleeding (14 (6.7%) fatal). Most CV events and deaths (85%) occurred while on DAPT. DAPT interruption was associated with increased risk of CV events in the following week (HR 2.29; 95% CI 1.08 to 4.84) but not specifically with time to first coronary event or mortality.
CONCLUSIONS: Despite guideline recommendations, most patients with ACS in Europe and Latin America remained on DAPT beyond 12 months, country being the most important determinant of DAPT duration. Increase in short-term CV risk was seen after switching from DAPT to less medication, as compared with continued DAPT, with no long-term effect on coronary or mortality risk. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01171404; Results. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.

Introduction

Recent evidence shows that prolonging dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) in patients treated with coronary stents for longer than 12 months reduces the rate of ischaemic events but increases bleeding events.1 Although duration of DAPT for 12 months following an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) was an arbitrary period, selected on the basis of duration of follow-up in the Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent Events (CURE) trial and findings from two other major DAPT trials in ACS,2–4 European and US ACS guidelines recommended the use of DAPT for up to 12 months for the majority of patients, treated with or without stents.5 6 Despite this uniform recommendation, information on DAPT duration from real-life practice is scarce, with some studies reporting observations from only a limited number of countries.7–9

The EPICOR (long-tErm follow-uP of anti-thrombotic management patterns In acute CORonary syndrome patients) study (NCT01171404) was designed to describe real-life international patterns of DAPT duration in patients with ACS. Secondary objectives were identifying determinants for different DAPT duration patterns and exploring the association of changes in DAPT use with cardiovascular (CV) or bleeding risk events.10

Methods

Study design

Full details of the study design have been published previously.10 Briefly, EPICOR is a prospective, ‘real-life’, international, observational, cohort study, which enrolled 10 568 consecutive survivors of an ACS between September 2010 and March 2011 from 555 hospitals in 20 countries across Europe and Latin America. Patients were enrolled at discharge from hospital but details of their management were recorded during the prehospital and inhospital periods as well as during follow-up (by 3-monthly telephone interview) for up to 2 years from discharge.

Study population

The main inclusion criteria were: hospitalisation within 24 h of symptom onset of the index event and a final diagnosis of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) or non-ST-segment elevation ACS (comprising both non-STEMI and unstable angina) at discharge, age ≥18 years, and written informed consent. Patients were excluded if they had a ‘secondary’ ACS (precipitated by or occurring as a complication of surgery, trauma, gastrointestinal bleeding or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or occurring during hospitalisation for other reasons). Other exclusion criteria included any condition/circumstance considered likely to limit completion of follow-up, any serious/severe comorbidities limiting life expectancy to <6 months, or previous enrolment in EPICOR or another clinical trial. All other details (eg, site selection, patient enrolment and secondary objectives) are provided in the design manuscript.10 Patient baseline characteristics, and prehospital and inhospital management have also been described elsewhere.11

Follow-up and event definition

Patients were followed up by centralised telephone interviews by well trained native speakers of each patient's language, and interviewers were supervised by a direct patient contact manager at 6 weeks after the index event, and then every 3 months up to 24 months. Interviews included questions related to the occurrence of events, ischaemic and/or bleeding; planned and unplanned hospitalisations, interventions or visits to the emergency room or other physicians (including dentists); treatment changes, including any planned/unplanned treatment interruptions; other healthcare resource utilisation; and quality of life measurement. For any changes in treatment, each drug of interest was listed in turn — aspirin, ticlopidine, clopidogrel, prasugrel, warfarin/acenocoumarol, dabigatran or any other to be specified — and patients were asked to provide details of when and why a current drug dose was changed, stopped and/or restarted, or any new drug initiated. Patients were asked to specify if the treatment change was due to a hospitalisation or other physician visit, or at their own initiative. Events were recorded through specific questionnaires in which hospitalisations or emergency department visits were first recorded. In such cases, interviewers were asked to collect all relevant clinical information (medical reports) from the patient, hospital physicians or general practitioners. Whenever necessary, the primary study investigator was contacted to obtain confirmation or any clarification regarding the identified event.

The main reason for hospitalisation/visit was registered as CV, bleeding or other. All CV and bleeding events reported by patients, relatives or physicians were recorded together with specific information regarding each particular event but only events in which a medical record with a specific diagnosis was available were counted. Therefore, event rates were calculated according to diagnoses reported in medical records.

Statistical analysis

Three groups were defined for antithrombotic patterns according to patients' discharge medication: (1) DAPT, comprising patients discharged on aspirin plus one other oral antiplatelet agent, such as clopidogrel, prasugrel or ticlopidine (ticagrelor was not available in the majority of countries while the study was conducted); (2) oral anticoagulation, participants discharged on warfarin or dabigatran regardless of any other antithrombotic drug prescribed, and (3) single antiplatelet therapy (SAPT), which included all other patients. Characteristics across discharge medication groups were compared using the χ2 test. Event rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to relate change in DAPT to CV events. We did not use recurrent events for the present analysis. Follow-up of each patient was divided into time spent before and after change in DAPT. Change from DAPT was entered in the model as a time-updated categorical variable that enters the model on the day of change from DAPT.12 HRs therefore compare the hazard of an event after a change in DAPT to the hazard before a change in DAPT (which includes the hazard in patients who do not change from DAPT at any time). Time after change from DAPT was further split into <7 days, 8–30 days and >30 days after the change. All analyses were performed in Stata V.11.2 (StataCorp, USA, 2009).

Results

Patient characteristics

Of the 10 568 patients enrolled in EPICOR, 10 069 had known medication status at discharge. Nineteen patients (0.18%) were lost to follow-up, and 743 (7.03%) discontinued due to voluntary withdrawal or enrolment in another clinical trial during follow-up. Of the 10 069 patients, most (8593, 85.3%) were discharged on DAPT, 899 (8.9%) on SAPT and 537 (5.3%) on oral anticoagulation (with or without antiplatelet agents) (table 1). Forty patients were discharged on neither antiplatelets nor anticoagulants. Baseline characteristics, inhospital procedures and medications and discharge therapies for the overall population and the DAPT group have been described in detail elsewhere.11 There were small differences in the proportions of patients discharged on each type of antithrombotic option across patient characteristics except for age, initial management strategy and type of ACS.

Table 1

Antithrombotic medication at discharge in relation to characteristics of the study population

		Distribution of antithrombotic medication at discharge by characteristics of study population
Description	Total number of patients in each category	DAPT (n=8593)	SAPT (n=899)	Anticoagulants (n=537)	p Value
Age, years; mean (SD)		61 (12)	64 (12)	67 (13)	<0.0001
Group, years; n (%)					<0.0001
<50	1691	1517 (89.7)	118 (7.0)	56 (3.3)
50–59	2821	2523 (89.4)	206 (7.3)	92 (3.3)
60–69	2794	2386 (85.4)	271 (9.7)	137 (4.9)
70–79	1962	1558 (79.4)	226 (11.5)	178 (9.1)
≥80	760	608 (80.0)	78 (10.3)	74 (9.7)
Female, n (%)	2467	2011 (81.5)	295 (11.9)	161 (6.5)	<0.0001
Region, n (%)					<0.0001
Northern Europe	3526	3008 (85.3)	283 (8.0)	235 (6.7)
Southern Europe	2290	1958 (89.4)	135 (6.2)	97 (4.4)
Eastern Europe	2291	1954 (85.3)	224 (9.8)	113 (4.9)
Latin America	2022	1673 (82.7)	257 (12.7)	92 (4.6)
Centre type, n (%)					0.0002
University general	3930	3370 (85.8)	362 (9.2)	198 (5.0)
Non-university general	2848	2487 (87.3)	212 (7.4)	149 (5.2)
Regional/community/rural	2137	1809 (84.7)	192 (9.0)	136 (6.4)
Private	1060	927 (87.5)	133 (12.5)	0 (0)
Diabetic	2256	1882 (83.4)	227 (10.1)	147 (6.5)	0.002
ACS type, n (%)					<0.0001
STEMI	4747	4314 (90.9)	213 (4.5)	220 (4.6)
NSTE-ACS	5251	4253 (81.0)	681 (13.0)	317 (6.0)
Management strategy, n (%)					<0.0001
PCI only	6572	6205 (94.4)	110 (1.7)	257 (3.9)
CABG	258	50 (19.4)	179 (69.4)	29 (11.2)
Medication only	3145	2292 (72.9)	603 (19.2)	250 (7.9)
Serum creatine, mg/dL; median (IQR)	9470	0.90 (0.79–1.08)	0.93 (0.80–1.11)	1.00 (0.83–1.20)	<0.0001
Blood glucose, mg/dL; median (IQR)	8709	122.0 (104–150)	117.1 (101–151)	124.7 (104–162)	<0.0001
Haemoglobin g/dL; median (IQR)	9358	14.3 (13.1–15.3)	13.9 (12.7–15.0)	13.9 (13.0–15.0)	0.20

Forty patients with known medication history were classified as in none of the above categories.

ACS, acute coronary syndromes; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; DAPT, dual antiplatelet therapy; NSTE-ACS, non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; SAPT, single antiplatelet therapy; STEMI, ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

Change in medication

Complete follow-up with full information on antiplatelet treatment was available for 8593 patients discharged on DAPT. A large proportion of patients discharged on DAPT did not change to another antiplatelet option at any time during the first 12 months (6552, 76.2%) and up to the end of follow-up (4859, 56.5%) (figure 1). In terms of specific antiplatelet treatment, there was no difference at 12 months, but at 23 months those on aspirin plus prasugrel were significantly more likely to have been switched (p<0.0001). The most common reasons for change of medication in patients on DAPT were instruction from a physician (53.8%), programmed interventions (24.9%) and physician instructions at discharge (9.6%). Older patients, those with diabetes and those in Latin America or northern Europe were significantly more likely to remain on DAPT, and there was a borderline association with higher baseline haemoglobin level (table 2). There were statistically significant, although numerically minor, differences among regions in the proportion of patients remaining on DAPT at the end of follow-up, but major differences between countries were observed within regions (p<0.001 for each region, figure 2).

Figure 1

Changes in medication status during follow-up among patients with ACS discharged on DAPT. ACS, acute coronary syndrome; DAPT, dual antiplatelet therapy; FU, follow-up.

Table 2

Characteristics of patients staying on DAPT during all follow-up

Characteristic	Number (%) of patients remaining on DAPT at 12 months (n=6552)	p Value*	Number (%) of patients remaining on DAPT at the end of follow-up (n=4859)	p Value*
Age, years†		0.55		0.018
<50	1147/1517 (75.6)		819/1517 (54.0)
51–59	1949/2523 (77.2)		1393/2523 (55.2)
60–69	1848/2386 (77.5)		1352/2386 (56.7)
70–79	1230/1558 (78.9)		916/1558 (58.8)
≥80	464/608 (76.3)		378/608 (62.2)
Sex		0.59		0.91
Male	5072/6582 (77.1)		3706/6582 (56.3)
Female	1567/2011 (77.9)		1153/2011 (57.3)
Region		<0.001		<0.001
Northern Europe	2467/3008 (82.0)		1825/3008 (60.7)
Southern Europe	1495/1958 (76.4)		1005/1958 (51.3)
Eastern Europe	1372/1954 (70.2)		1002/1954 (51.3)
Latin America	1305/1673 (78.0)		1027/1673 (61.4)
Centre type		<0.001		<0.001
University general	2540/3370 (75.4)		1913/3370 (56.8)
Non-university general	1921/2487 (77.2)		1335/2487 (53.7)
Regional/community/rural	1471/1809 (81.3)		1118/1809 (61.8)
Private	707/927 (76.3)		493/927 (53.2)
Type of ACS†		0.16		0.68
NSTE-ACS	3262/4253 (76.7)		2430/4253 (57.1)
STEMI	3360/4314 (77.9)		2415/4314 (56.0)
Diabetic status		0.034		0.008
Non-diabetic	5142/6711 (76.6)		3725/6711 (55.5)
Diabetic	1497/1882 (79.5)		1134/1882 (60.3)
Management strategy†		<0.001		0.25
CABG (with/without PCI)	40/50 (80.0)		32/50 (64.0)
PCI only	1679/2292 (73.3)		3466/6205 (55.9)
Medication only	1679/2292 (73.3)		1339/2292 (58.4)
Unknown	29/46 (63.0)		22/46 (47.8)
Antiplatelet medication		0.99		<0.001
Aspirin+clopidogrel	5420/7829 (69.2)		4495/7829 (57.4)
Aspirin+prasugrel	500/705 (70.9)		333/705 (47.2)
Aspirin+clopidogrel+prasugrel	14/18 (77.8		10/18 (55.6)
Aspirin+ticlopidine	30/41 (73.2)		21/41 (51.2)
Glucose, mg/dL†		0.19		0.061
<160	4381/5709 (76.7)		3194/5709 (55.9)
≥160	1390/1763 (78.8)		1056/1763 (59.9)
Creatine, mg/dL†		0.17		0.88
<1.2	5455/7041 (77.5)		3959/7041 (56.2)
1.2–1.6	549/713 (77.0)		407/713 (57.1)
1.6–2.0	154/200 (77.0)		121/200 (60.5)
>2.0	129/167 (77.2)		113/167 (67.7)
Haemoglobin, g/dL†		0.68		0.055
<13	1321/1683 (78.5)		1020/1683 (60.6)
≥13	4892/6357 (77.0)		3512/6357 (55.2)

*p Values calculated using Cox model with time to first switch from DAPT as the outcome.

†Data unavailable in 1 patient for age, 14 for type of ACS, 22 for management strategy, 1560 for glucose level, 259 for creatine level and 327 for haemoglobin level.

ACS, acute coronary syndrome; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; DAPT, dual antiplatelet therapy; NSTE-ACS, non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; STEMI, ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

Figure 2

Proportion of patients on DAPT at the end of follow-up by country. This analysis excluded patients who died or were lost to follow-up. DAPT, dual antiplatelet therapy.

Clinical events

By the end of follow-up, 559 (5.7%) patients had died, and 978 patients (9.8%) experienced 1173 CV events, of which 653 were coronary, including 252 myocardial infarctions (MIs) (table 3, see online supplementary figure). ‘Non-coronary’ events included congestive heart failure, arrhythmias and cerebrovascular events. A relatively small number of patients, 168 (1.7%), had one or more clinically relevant bleeding events during follow-up, of which 14 (0.1% of study population) were fatal (table 3, see online supplementary figure).

Table 3

Cardiovascular (CV) and bleeding events during follow-up in the whole cohort (n=10 069)

Type of event	Patients with event (%)*	Total number of events (fatal)
All CV	978 (9.8%)	1173 (281)
Coronary	559 (5.7%)	653 (65)
MI	238 (2.5%)	252 (45)
Heart failure	104 (1.1%)	117 (30)
Arrhythmia	88 (0.9%)	93 (13)
Sudden death	8 (0.1%)	8 (8)
Chest pain	14 (0.1%)	18 (0)
Cerebrovascular	50 (0.5%)	56 (8)
Other	71 (0.7%)	75 (7)
Not classified	151 (1.5%)	153 (150)
Bleeding	366 (3.6%)	492 (14)
Clinically relevant bleeds	168 (1.7%)	223 (14)
Bleeds requiring hospitalisation	158 (1.5%)	212 (8)
Bleeds with haemodynamic compromise	33 (0.3%)	37 (3)
Intracranial bleeds	15 (0.2%)	15 (6)
Other bleeds	226 (2.2%)	269 (0)
Deaths not due to CV or bleeding
Deaths of unknown cause	84 (0.9%)	84 (84)

*Percentages are Kaplan-Meier estimates at 23 months.

MI, myocardial infarction.

Most events and deaths (85%) during follow-up occurred while patients were on DAPT. During the overall follow-up period, there was no apparent association between medication change and coronary or overall CV events (see online supplementary table), but there was an increased rate of CV events within the first 7 days after changing from DAPT to less medication (HR 2.29; 95% CI 1.08 to 4.84) (figure 3). Non-fatal CV events within the first 7 days included two cases of unstable angina, and one case each of congestive heart failure, stroke, STEMI and ventricular arrhythmia. During that period, the incidence of any CV event was 9.2 per 100 person-years at risk compared with 5.9 during time on DAPT (HR 2.22; 95% CI 1.30 to 3.82) (see online supplementary table).

Figure 3

Risk of CV or coronary events following interruption of DAPT versus remaining on DAPT. CV, cardiovascular; DAPT, dual antiplatelet therapy.

Discussion

Our study shows that a high proportion (57%) of patients with ACS in Europe and Latin America were receiving DAPT beyond 12 months, well before there was clear evidence of any advantage of such practice or any recommendations by contemporary clinical practice guidelines.5 6 Interestingly, we could not find any strong patient-related determinant of longer DAPT duration, including initial revascularisation strategy, and use or type of stents. Conversely, the largest variations were found in individual country practices, suggesting local systems as more important drivers of local DAPT duration. Moreover, while the findings showed no overall correlation between switching from DAPT to a lower antiplatelet level treatment and CV events, they suggest an increased global CV risk within the first 7 days after treatment change with no further increase in coronary or mortality risk.

Currently, DAPT for longer than 12 months may be considered in patients after ACS, according to the most recent guidelines.13 However, this recommendation is based on findings from the DAPT and PEGASUS-TIMI 54 (Prevention of Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Prior Heart Attack Using Ticagrelor Compared to Placebo on a Background of Aspirin-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 54) trials,1 14 published in December 2014 and March 2015, respectively, years after the treatment decisions were made. Although surprising, our results are not unique. The PARIS (Patterns of Non-Adherence to Antiplatelet Regimens in Stented Patients) registry reported that 43% of patients with ACS and 57% of those who underwent elective PCI remained on DAPT at the end of a 2-year follow-up in a cohort of 5031 patients from the USA, France, Germany, Italy and Greece.8 Similar results had been reported in France9 and the USA.7

The reasons for such practices are unknown. In EPICOR, it is surprising that there were only small differences in DAPT patterns according to critical factors related to long-term risk, such as age, diabetes, initial strategy or type of stent. Neither were there any major differences among the four predefined regions in the proportion of patients on DAPT at the end of follow-up, ranging from 55.5% in southern Europe to 66% in Latin America. However, there were major differences between countries within the same region. In fact, country represented the most important determinant of the proportion of patients remaining on DAPT at the end of follow-up. This suggests that duration of DAPT may be mostly conditioned by local factors rather than by an individual patient's risk. Whether these factors are cultural, economic or related to organisational factors within local healthcare systems, requires further investigation. Given the recent results from the DAPT and PEGASUS-TIMI 54 trials,1 14 extended DAPT use may increase even further in the future. Postmarketing surveillance at both a national and an international level will be needed to monitor patterns of DAPT duration and, particularly, patient selection for long-term DAPT duration.

In EPICOR, event rates continued to accrue throughout the 2-year follow-up period post discharge with higher rates in the initial period and a steady increase during subsequent months up to the end of follow-up. Interestingly, 85% of events and 85% of deaths during follow-up occurred while patients were on DAPT; approximately half of non-fatal events were coronary, and one in four patients who presented with an event died during follow-up. The incidence of clinically relevant bleeding recorded in EPICOR was relatively low (approximately 5%), and less than half of the events were considered clinically relevant. The PARIS registry showed an incidence of TIMI major bleeding of 1.4% and 2.1% at 1 year and 2 years, respectively.8 Unfortunately, our findings cannot be compared here due to the absence of a standardised bleeding definition.

Our study shows an association between DAPT discontinuation (for any cause, including interruption or disruption) and adverse events in the first 7 days. The DAPT trial showed a modest increase in event rate between month 30, when the P2Y12 inhibitor was terminated, and month 33 when follow-up was terminated,1 suggesting a potential ‘rebound’ effect after DAPT discontinuation, which was more obvious after prasugrel withdrawal.15 The real-life PARIS registry also reported an increased risk of major adverse CV events, spontaneous MI, definite or probable stent thrombosis and cardiac death after DAPT cessation, which was particularly relevant within the first 7 days.8 However, this hazard was only observed for DAPT disruptions; that is, cessations due to bleeding or patient non-adherence, while DAPT discontinuations (those recommended by physicians for patients thought to no longer need DAPT) or interruptions (temporary cessations due to surgical necessity with reinstitution of DAPT within 14 days) were not associated with an increased event rate. It is worth noting that our definition of DAPT discontinuation does not align exactly with the classification used in PARIS, which may explain at least part of the differences in magnitude of effect. Moreover, despite the large number of patients enrolled in EPICOR, the number who effectively dropped DAPT was not large and the absolute number of events recorded was low, limiting the power for accurate risk estimations. Results for longer-term DAPT duration are unknown as such trials are not available. The French registry of Acute ST elevation or non-ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction 2005 registry, however, reported similar outcomes in patients with or without prolonged DAPT in the long term (up to 5 years of follow-up).9

The patterns found in our registry are more surprising in the light of the later evidence, coming mostly from the results of the two large randomised trials comparing either 12 months versus 30 months of DAPT with aspirin and clopidogrel or prasugrel in patients who had received a coronary stent (DAPT trial),1 or aspirin versus aspirin plus ticagrelor starting between 12 months and 36 months after a prior MI (either continuing DAPT at 12 months or restarting DAPT later) (PEGASUS-TIMI 54 trial).14 Both trials showed a reduction in ischaemic events (MI in DAPT, and MI and stroke in PEGASUS-TIMI 54) with a significant and clinically relevant increase in major bleeding and diverging but non-significant trends for mortality. Together with a number of smaller trials testing different durations of DAPT, mostly in patients treated with stents, several meta-analyses have confirmed that prolongation of DAPT beyond the first 12 months is a trade-off between reducing non-fatal ischaemic events and non-fatal major bleeding events, with unclear results on all-cause mortality, which may differ according to the reason for DAPT indication (MI vs percutaneous intervention).16–18 For this reason, the 2015 European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of ACS in patients presenting without persistent ST segment elevation state that P2Y12 inhibitor administration in addition to aspirin beyond 1 year may be considered after careful assessment of the ischaemic and bleeding risks of the patient (indication class, IIb; level of evidence A).12

Several limitations should be considered when interpreting the results of this study. As for any observational study, causal relationships between patterns of care or DAPT interruption and outcomes cannot be inferred. Some methodological issues may have affected the accuracy of data collection or evaluation. There was no prescription ascertainment and no confirmation with supervising physician, so it may be possible that telephone call answers do not detail actual tablets prescribed or taken. Given the fact that telephone calls were only made every 3 months, recall bias leading to a reduced number of events reported cannot be excluded. There is also a possibility that some patients might have interpreted the telephone call as a reminder to take the medication and could have felt tempted to respond they were taking their medication, potentially leading to an artefact in the direction of longer medication use. This is particularly relevant for fatal events in which failure to identify previous changes in medication may have been an issue that could affect calculations of estimated risk. CV event rates may also have been underestimated as no central adjudication of events was done and only those events confirmed by physicians with full event reports were counted in the analyses. Local adjudication might have been open to potentially differing interpretations in different countries. Furthermore, cause of death was not systematically recorded, and clinical events during follow-up were not centrally adjudicated. Also, there was no standardised classification of clinically relevant bleeding, limiting the comparability of our results. Finally, there were ongoing changes in prescription patterns of antiplatelet drugs during the study period.

Conclusions

International patterns of DAPT duration do not necessarily align with guideline recommendations. Despite contemporary evidence, patients with ACS remained on DAPT longer than 12 months, irrespective of clinical characteristics and ischaemic risk, country being the most important determinant of DAPT duration. This emphasises the importance of postmarketing surveillance to monitor prescription patterns, patient selection and clinical events related to long-term DAPT duration.

Although guidelines recommend 12 months of DAPT following an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the majority of patients, relatively little is known about the duration of DAPT in a real-world setting.

This large international, prospective study shows that many patients with ACS remain on DAPT beyond 12 months. There were large differences in DAPT duration between countries, but only small differences according to patient characteristics, therapeutic strategy or region, suggesting local policies rather than patient characteristics as key determinants of DAPT prescription patterns. Discontinuation of DAPT was associated with a short-term increase in overall cardiovascular risk but not with any long-term increase in coronary events or mortality.

The findings suggest that long-term duration of DAPT after ACS was already common practice before it was recommended. There is a need to follow compliance with guidelines recommendations and develop interventions to improve these.