Marjon Stijntjes1,2, Marja J Aartsen3, Diana G Taekema4, Jacobijn Gussekloo5, Martijn Huisman6,7, Carel G M Meskers8,9, Anton J M de Craen1, Andrea B Maier9,10. 1. Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands. 2. Deparment of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands. 3. Department of Ageing Research and Housing Studies, Norwegian Social Research (NOVA), Oslo, Norway. 4. Department of Geriatric Medicine, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands. 5. Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands. 6. Department of Sociology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 7. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research and. 8. Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 9. MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Department of Human Movement Sciences, VU University, The Netherlands. 10. Department of Medicine and Aged Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cognitive and physical impairment frequently co-occur in older people. The aim of this study was to assess the temporal order of these age-related changes in cognitive and physical performance and to assess whether a relationship was different across specific cognitive and physical domains and age groups. METHODS: Cognitive domains included global, executive, and memory function; physical domains included gait speed and handgrip strength. These domains were assessed in two population-based longitudinal cohorts covering the age ranges of 55-64, 65-74, 75-85, and 85-90 years with a follow-up of 5-12 years. Cross-lagged panel models were applied to assess the temporal relationships between the different cognitive and physical domains adjusting for age, sex, education, comorbidity, depressive symptoms, and physical activity. RESULTS: Over all age groups, poorer executive function was associated with a steeper decline in gait speed (p < .05). From the age of 85 years, this relationship was found across all cognitive and physical domains (p < .02). From the age of 65 years, slower gait speed and/or weaker handgrip strength were associated with steeper declines in global cognitive function (p < .02), with statistically significant results across all cognitive domains in the age group of 75-85 years (p < .04). CONCLUSIONS: The temporal relationship between cognitive and physical performance differs across domains and age, suggesting a specific rather than a general relationship. This emphasizes the importance of repeated measurements on different domains and encourages future research to the development of domain- and age-specific interventions.
BACKGROUND: Cognitive and physical impairment frequently co-occur in older people. The aim of this study was to assess the temporal order of these age-related changes in cognitive and physical performance and to assess whether a relationship was different across specific cognitive and physical domains and age groups. METHODS: Cognitive domains included global, executive, and memory function; physical domains included gait speed and handgrip strength. These domains were assessed in two population-based longitudinal cohorts covering the age ranges of 55-64, 65-74, 75-85, and 85-90 years with a follow-up of 5-12 years. Cross-lagged panel models were applied to assess the temporal relationships between the different cognitive and physical domains adjusting for age, sex, education, comorbidity, depressive symptoms, and physical activity. RESULTS: Over all age groups, poorer executive function was associated with a steeper decline in gait speed (p < .05). From the age of 85 years, this relationship was found across all cognitive and physical domains (p < .02). From the age of 65 years, slower gait speed and/or weaker handgrip strength were associated with steeper declines in global cognitive function (p < .02), with statistically significant results across all cognitive domains in the age group of 75-85 years (p < .04). CONCLUSIONS: The temporal relationship between cognitive and physical performance differs across domains and age, suggesting a specific rather than a general relationship. This emphasizes the importance of repeated measurements on different domains and encourages future research to the development of domain- and age-specific interventions.
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