Long noncoding RNA AK126698 inhibits proliferation and migration of non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting Frizzled-8 and suppressing Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies indicate that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a key role in the control of cellular processes such as proliferation, metastasis, and differentiation. The lncRNA dysregulation has been identified in all types of cancer. We previously found that lncRNA AK126698 suppresses cisplatin resistance in A549 cells through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. However, the clinical significance of lncRNA AK126698 and the molecular mechanisms through which it regulates cancer cell proliferation and migration are largely unknown.
METHODS: We examined the expression of lncRNA AK126698 in 56 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissue samples and three NSCLC cell lines using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Gain and loss of function approaches were used to evaluate the biological function of AK126698 in NSCLC cells. The effects of lncRNA AK126698 on cell proliferation were investigated using cell counting kit-8 and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assays, and apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry. Protein levels of AK126698 targets were evaluated by Western blotting.
RESULTS: Our results showed that lncRNA AK126698 was significantly downregulated in NSCLC tissues, compared with paired adjacent nontumor tissue samples. Furthermore, lower AK126698 expression was associated with larger tumor size and advanced tumor stage. Ectopic AK126698 expression inhibited cell proliferation and migration and induced apoptosis. Conversely, decreased AK126698 expression promoted cell proliferation and migration and inhibited cell apoptosis. Importantly, we demonstrated that Frizzled-8, a receptor of Wnt/β-catenin pathway, was a target of AK126698. Furthermore, AK126698 could inhibit the activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which was demonstrated by measuring the expression levels of Axin1, β-catenin, c-myc, cyclin D1, and E-cadherin.
CONCLUSION: It was found in the study that lncRNA AK126698 inhibits the proliferation and migration of NSCLC cells by targeting Frizzled-8 to suppress the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. It may provide a new target for therapeutic intervention in NSCLC.

Introduction

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 80%–85% of all lung cancers and is generally diagnosed at an advanced stage.1 Despite considerable progress in treating the disease, the outcome of NSCLC remains unfavorable, with a 5-year overall survival rate of 11%–15%.2 The main reason for the high mortality rate is the sustained proliferation and metastatic potential of tumor cells.3 Lung carcinogenesis is a complicated biological process caused by dysregulated expression of many tumor-related genes.4 Therefore, identifying the molecular mechanisms underlying NSCLC development and progression is essential for improving the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of this disease.

In the past, research into the mechanisms of tumorigenesis mainly concentrated on protein-coding genes. Recently, transcriptome analyses have unraveled that the major part of the human genome encodes noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), while only 2% encodes protein.5 The ncRNAs are classified as small ncRNAs (shorter than 200 nucleotides) and long ncRNAs (lncR-NAs; >200 nucleotides), which are not translated into proteins.6,7 There is increasing evidence that lncRNAs are involved in many biologic processes, including cell proliferation, cell growth, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis.8 Consequently, aberrant lncRNA expression occurs in diverse human diseases, especially cancer.9–11 Hence, identification of cancer-associated lncRNAs and investigation into their molecular mechanisms and biological functions are important for understanding the molecular biology of cancer development and progression.

Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays a crucial role in regulating multiple aspects of tumor development, including lung cancer.12 When Wnt ligands bind to the seven-pass transmembrane Frizzled (FZD) receptor and its coreceptor, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related proteins 5/6 (LRP5/6)/ROR2/RYK, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is initiated and Disheveled (DVL) recruits the destruction complex (Axin–APC–GSK3β complex) to the plasma membrane, resulting in β-catenin stabilization and subsequent accumulation in the cytoplasm. Free β-catenin accumulates and is translocated to the nucleus, where it binds to the T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor TCF/LEF to regulate the expression of target genes, such as c-myc, cyclin D1, and E-cadherin.13 Thus, FZD is an essential component of Wnt/β-catenin pathway. FZD expression is reported to be upregulated in some cancer tissues.

In a previous study, we had observed that lncRNA AK126698 was significantly downregulated in A549/DDP cells compared with parental A549 cells. In addition, AK126698 regulated cisplatin resistance in A549 cells through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.14 However, the clinical importance of lncRNA AK126698 and the molecular mechanisms controlling its effects are unknown. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate AK126698 expression in NSCLC tissues compared with adjacent nontumor tissues and its role in the malignant progression of NSCLC. Furthermore, we had previously predicted that FZD8, the most important Wnt receptor, might be a target of AK126698.14 To test this hypothesis, we investigated the influence of AK126698 on the expression of FZD8 and its downstream genes.

Materials and methods

Cell lines and human samples

Three NSCLC cell lines (A549, NCI-H520, and H1299) and a normal human bronchial epithelial cell line (16HBE) were purchased from the Perking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China. The cells were cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 or Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 μg/mL penicillin, and 100 μg/mL streptomycin at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. Paired NSCLC and adjacent nontumor tissues were obtained from 56 patients who underwent primary NSCLC resection between May and September 2014 in the Department of Thoracic Surgery at Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China. None of the patients had received radiotherapy or chemotherapy prior to surgery. Clinical data, including sex and age of patients, tumor size, histologic tumor type, and tumor–node–metastasis stage, were obtained from surgical and pathological records. Tissue samples were collected at surgery, immediately snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80°C for RNA extraction. All tissue samples were thoroughly reviewed by two experienced pathologists. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients and the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Chao-yang Hospital.

RNA extraction and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis

Total RNA was purified from each sample using the TRIzol reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and treated with DNase I (Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Total RNA was quantified by measuring the absorbance at 260 and 280 nm. Only samples with an A260:A280 ratio between 1.8 and 2.1 were analyzed further. Complementary DNA was obtained using a PrimeScript RT Reagent Kit with a gDNA Eraser (TaKaRa Biotechnology [Dalian] Co, Ltd., Dalian, People’s Republic of China), and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed using TransStart® Tip Green qPCR SuperMix (Transgen, Beijing, People’s Republic of China). The samples were cycled at an initial single cycle of 30 seconds at 94°C, followed by 40 cycles of 5 seconds at 94°C, 15 seconds at 60°C, and 34 seconds at 72°C. The expression of 18S was used as the internal control. Their sequences were as follows:

AK126698 sense 5′-CTGGCAAGTTCTCATCCACA-3′;

reverse 5′-ATGTTGGCCAAGTTGGTCTC-3′;

FZD8 sense 5′-GGACTACAACCGACCT-3′;

reverse 5′-ACCACAGGCCGATCCAGAAGAC-3′;

LRP6 sense 5′-GCTCAGAGTCCCAGTTCCAG-3′;

reverse 5′-TCCCTTCATACGTGGACACA-3′;

18S sense 5′-GTAACCCGTTGAACCCCATT-3′;

reverse 5′-GTAACCCGTTGAACCCCATT-3′.

Data are the mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. Relative quantification of AK1266698, FZD8, and LRP6 expression was calculated using the 2−ΔΔCT method relative to 18S.

Cell proliferation assay

Cell proliferation was determined using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay kit (Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Inc., Kumamoto, Japan), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Cells were seeded at an initial density of 2×104 cells/mL in 96-well plates. At 12, 24, 48, or 72 hours, CCK-8 (10 μL/well) solution was added to measure cell viability. After 2 hours of incubation at 37°C in 5% CO2, the absorbance of each well was measured at 450 nm.

5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine incorporation assay

According to the manual of a EdU labeling/detection kit (RiboBio, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China), 50 μM EdU labeling medium was added to the cell culture to allow incubation for 2 hours at 37°C under 5% CO2. Afterwards, the cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (pH 7.4) for 30 minutes and incubated with glycine for 5 minutes. After washing with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), staining with anti-EdU working solution was performed at room temperature for 30 minutes. Following wash with 0.5% Triton X-100 in PBS, the cells were incubated with Hoechst33342 (5 μg/mL) at room temperature for 30 minutes, followed by observation under fluorescent microscopy. The percentage of EdU-positive cells was calculated from five random fields in three wells.

Flow cytometry

Cell apoptosis was quantified using a PE Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit II (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA), which measures the redistribution of phosphatidylserine on the plasma membrane. The cells were washed twice with cold PBS and then resuspended in 1,000 mL binding buffer (10 mM Hepes/NaOH [pH 7.4], 140 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM CaCl2) at a concentration of 1×106 cells/mL. A total of 100 μL of this solution (containing 1×105 cells) was transferred to a 5 mL culture tube, 5 μL Annexin V-PE and 5 μL 7-AAD were added, and cells were gently vortexed. Cells were incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature (25°C) in the dark and then 400 μL binding buffer was added to each tube. The cells were analyzed using flow cytometry (FACScan, BD Biosciences) equipped with CellQuest software (BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA): viable, dead, early apoptotic, and late apoptotic cells could be discriminated. The percentages of early and late apoptotic cells were compared with control groups in each experiment. This assay was repeated three times.

Wound healing assays

The cells were seeded in six-well plates and incubated until 90% confluence in serum-free medium before wounding. A 200 μL tip was used to make a vertical wound and the cells were then washed three times with PBS to remove cell debris. Cell migration into the wounded area was monitored by microscopy at the designated time periods.

Cell migration assay

Cell migration was detected using transwell chambers (8 μm; Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY, USA). A total of 1×105 cells were cultured in 100 μL of serum-free Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 medium and added into the upper chamber of 8 μm transwells. The lower chamber was filled with 600 μL of Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 medium with 10% fetal bovine serum. After incubating for 48 hours at 37°C, the migrated cells were stained with 0.5% crystal violet solution. The cell numbers were determined by counting the penetrating cells under a microscope at ×200 magnification in random fields in each well. Each experiment was performed in triplicate.

Western blot analysis

Total cell lysates were obtained using radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer (Solarbio, Beijing, People’s Republic of China) containing 1:100 phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and phosphatase inhibitors. Total cellular proteins were extracted and separated by 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., Hercules, CA, USA) and transferred to 0.22 μm nitrocellulose (NC) membranes (Sigma-Aldrich Co., St Louis, MO, USA). The membranes were blocked with 5% nonfat milk at room temperature for 2 hours and then incubated overnight at 4°C with rabbit anti-FZD8 (Sigma-Aldrich Co.), rabbit anti-LRP6 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., Dallas, TX, USA), rabbit anti-Axin1 (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), rabbit anti-c-myc (Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit anti-cyclin D1 (Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit anti-β-catenin (Sigma-Aldrich Co.), rabbit anti-E-cadherin (Cell Signaling Technology), or mouse anti-β-actin antibodies (California Bioscience, Coachella, CA, USA). After incubating with IRDyeTM800 (green)- or IRDyeTM700 (red)-conjugated affinity-purified antirabbit or antimouse IgG (LI-COR, Lincoln, NE, USA), specific bands were visualized. The intensity of protein bands was evaluated using a LI-COR Odyssey infrared double-fluorescence imaging system (LI-COR).

Lentivirus construction and cell transfection

The full-length AK126698 complementary DNA sequence was synthesized based on the AK126698 sequence (NCBI database) and then subcloned into a GV367 vector (GeneChem, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China), and the resulting GV367-AK126698 vector was sequenced. The empty GV367 vector was used as the negative control. To produce infectious viruses, 293T packaging cells were cotransfected with the construction plasmid Helper1.0, the envelope plasmid Helper2.0, and GV367-AK126698 or control lentivirus vector. The cells were transfected using Lipofectamine 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. After 48 hours of transfection, the medium was collected, and the virus particles were concentrated by centrifugation and stored at −80°C (2.0×108 titer units).

The A549 and NCI-H520 cells were transduced with the Lv-AK126698 or Lv-AK126698-NC virus (at a multiplicity of infection of 10). The supernatant was removed after 24 hours and fresh culture medium was added to the cells. The infection efficiency was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) at 72 hours postinfection, and stable clones were selected after 2 weeks using puromycin (2 μg/mL).

To suppress the lncRNA-AK126698 expression, AK126698 small interfering RNA (siRNA) and negative control siRNA were purchased from RiboBio. Target sequence is sense CUGCAACCCAAGGAAAUAATT, anti-sense UAUUUCCUUGGGUUGCAGTT. The cells were grown on six-well plates to confluency and transfected using riboFECTtm CP (RiboBio, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Forty-eight hours after transfection, cells were harvested for qRT-PCR or Western blot analysis.

Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Version 18.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Two-tailed Student’s t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and chi-square test were used to analyze the data. The values were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Values of P<0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

AK126698 expression is frequently downregulated in human NSCLC tissues and cell lines

The level of AK126698 expression was significantly decreased in NSCLC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues (P<0.05) (Figure 1A). To evaluate the clinical significance of changes in AK126698 expression, we investigated potential correlations between AK126698 expression and clinical parameters. The 56 NSCLC samples were classified into two groups (high and low expression) based on the median level of AK126698 expression. Correlation regression analysis showed that low AK126698 expression correlated with a larger tumor size (P<0.01) (Figure 1B) and advanced pathologic stage (P<0.01) (Figure 1C). In contrast, other clinical parameters such as lymph node metastasis, tumor differentiation, or patient sex did not significantly correlate with AK126698 expression (P>0.05) (Table 1).

Figure 1

lncRNA AK126698 expression is downregulated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines.

Notes: (A) AK126698 expression was significantly downregulated in NSCLC tissues relative to normal tissues in 56 NSCLC patients. (B) AK126698 expression was significantly lower in larger tumors. (C) AK126698 expression was significantly lower in patients with an advanced clinical stage than in those with an early clinical stage. (D) Expression of AK126698 in NSCLC cell lines (A549, NCI-H520, H1299) compared with that in normal human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE). The experiments were repeated at least three times. *P<0.05, **P<0.01.

Abbreviations: lncRNA, long noncoding RNA; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer.

Table 1

Clinicopathologic association of AK126698 expression in NSCLC

Clinical parameters	No of cases	Relative AK126698 expression
		Low	High	P-valuea
Age, years				0.116
<60	30	14	16
≥60	26	18	8
Sex				0.385
Male	34	21	13
Female	22	11	11
Smoking				0.140
Nonsmoker	31	15	16
Smoker	25	17	8
Differentiation				0.515
Well	19	12	7
Moderate-poor	37	20	17
Maximum diameter, cm				0.004*
≤3	32	13	19
>3	24	19	5
Lymphatic metastasis				0.179
Absent	39	20	19
Present	17	12	5
TNM stage				0.002*
I	24	8	16
II–IV	32	24	8

Notes:

Chi-square test.

P<0.05.

Abbreviations: NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; TNM, tumor–node–metastasis.

Next, we examined AK126698 expression in three human NSCLC cell lines (A549, NCI-H520, and H1299) versus a normal human bronchial epithelial cell line (16HBE). AK126698 expression was comparatively low in all three NSCLC cell lines compared with human bronchial epithelial cells (Figure 1D).

AK126698 overexpression represses cell proliferation and migration and induces apoptosis in NSCLC cells

Based on the significant correlation between low AK126698 expression and large tumor size, we hypothesized that AK126698 has a biological function in NSCLC. To evaluate the biological properties of AK126698 and the effects of AK126698 overexpression on NSCLC, we established A549 cell lines that stably overexpressed AK126698 (Figure 2A). CCK-8 assays showed that AK126698 overexpression significantly repressed cell proliferation in A549 cells compared with controls (Figure 2B). The EdU incorporation assay also indicated that A549 cell growth was significantly inhibited by AK126698 overexpression (Figure 2C). In addition, AK126698 overexpression attenuated migration in Lv-AK126698 cells, as measured by wound healing and transwell migration assays (Figure 2D and E). Apoptosis assays indicated that AK126698 overexpression enhances apoptosis (Figure 2F). Similar results were obtained using the NCI-H520 cells (Figure S1A–F).

Figure 2

lncRNA AK126698 inhibits A549 cell proliferation and migration and induces apoptosis.

Notes: (A) A549 cells were transduced with Lv-AK126698 and Lv-AK126698-NC (control) viruses. Seventy-two hours after transduction, the expression of AK126698 was analyzed by qRT-PCR. (B) Cell viability was measured using the CCK-8 cell growth assay. (C) The effects of AK126698 on A549 cell proliferation were analyzed by EdU incorporation assay. The blue color indicates the nuclei and the red color represents EdU-positive nuclei. Scale bars: 100 μm. (D) Wound healing assays were used to investigate the migratory ability of A549 cells. (E) Transwell assays were used to investigate the changes in migratory abilities of A549 cells. (F) The effects of AK126698 on A549 cell apoptosis were determined by flow cytometric analysis. The experiments were all repeated at least three times. *P<0.05, **P<0.01.

Abbreviations: CCK-8, cell counting kit-8; EdU, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine; lncRNA, long noncoding RNA; qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.

AK126698 knockdown promotes cell proliferation and migration and inhibits apoptosis in NSCLC cells

To further assess the biological function of AK126698 in NSCLC, we inhibited AK126698 expression in NCI-H520 cells by transfection of AK126698-specific siRNA (Figure 3A). CCK-8 assays indicated that AK126698 repression significantly promoted NCI-H520 cell proliferation of cells, compared with controls (Figure 3B). The EdU cell incorporation assay showed that AK126698 knockdown in NCI-H520 cells significantly increased the proportion of EdU-positive cells (Figure 3C). These results suggest that AK126698 repression promotes cell proliferation. To explore the effect of AK126698 downregulation on tumor cell migration, we performed wound healing and transwell assays in NCI-H520 cells after transfection of AK126698-specific siRNA. We found that the siRNA transfection-mediated AK126698 knockdown increased cell migration compared with negative control cells in NCI-H520 (Figure 3D and E). As shown in Figure 3F, siRNA-AK126698 transfection decreased the amount of apoptosis in NCI-H520 cells. Similar results were observed in the A549 cells (Figure S2A–F).

Figure 3

Knockdown of lncRNA AK126698 promotes NCI-H520 cells’ proliferation and migration and inhibits apoptosis.

Notes: (A) NCI-H520 cells were transfected with AK126698 siRNA (si-AK126698) and control siRNA (siRNA/control). Forty-eight hours after transfection, the expression of AK126698 was analyzed by qRT-PCR. (B) Cell viability was measured using CCK-8 cell growth assay. (C) The effects of AK126698 on NCI-H520 cell proliferation were analyzed by EdU incorporation assay. The blue color indicates the nuclei and the red color represents EdU-positive nuclei. Scale bars: 500 μm. (D) Wound healing assays were used to investigate the migratory ability of NCI-H520 cells. (E) Transwell assays were used to investigate the changes in migratory abilities of NCI-H520 cells. (F) The effects of AK126698 on NCI-H520 cell apoptosis were determined by flow cytometric analysis. The experiments were all repeated at least three times. *P<0.05, **P<0.01.

Abbreviations: CCK-8, cell counting kit-8; EdU, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine; lncRNA, long noncoding RNA; qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; siRNA, small interfering RNA.

FZD8 is negatively regulated by AK126698

Our previous studies suggested that FZD8 may be a target of AK126698.14 Furthermore, in the current study, we demonstrated that AK126698 overexpression suppressed lung cancer cell proliferation and migration. To understand the molecular mechanism through which AK126698 inhibits NSCLC cell proliferation and migration, we examined whether FZD8 is a downstream effector that mediates the AK126698 function in NSCLC. As shown in Figure 4, AK126698 upregulation significantly inhibited FZD8 mRNA and protein levels in A549 and NCI-H520 cells. Moreover, AK126698 knockdown increased FZD8 mRNA and protein levels in A549 and NCI-H520 cells (Figure 4A–C). In contrast, changes in AK126698 expression level had no effect on LRP6 expression (Figure 4A–C).

Figure 4

FZD8 is negatively regulated by lncRNA AK126698.

Notes: (A), (B) qRT-PCR analysis showing that the mRNA of FZD8 was significantly affected by AK126698 in A549 and NCI-H520 cells. (C) Western blot analysis of the protein levels of FZD8 response to overexpressed or deregulated AK126698 expression in A549 and NCI-H520 cells. (D) Pearson correlation of AK126698 with FZD8 expression levels in patients with NSCLC (N=56; r=−0.545, P<0.01). The experiments were all repeated at least three times.

Abbreviations: FZD8, Frizzled-8; lncRNA, long noncoding RNA; qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; siRNA, small interfering RNA.

As AK126698 negatively regulates FZD8 expression in vitro, we next investigated whether AK126698 modulates FZD8 expression in clinical NSCLC tissues. FZD8 mRNA expression was measured by qRT-PCR in NSCLC samples from 56 patients. Spearman’s rank test found a significant negative correlation between AK126698 and FZD8 expression (r=−0.545, P<0.001) (Figure 4D), supporting a role for AK126698 in regulating FZD8 expression.

AK126698 inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling by suppressing FZD8

Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays an important role in NSCLC.12 FZD8 can positively regulate Wnt/β-catenin signaling in NSCLC cells.12 To test whether AK126698-mediated FZD8 downregulation affects Wnt/β-catenin signaling, we measured the levels of Axin1, β-catenin, c-myc, and cyclin D1 proteins, which are important components of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and E-cadherin, an important marker of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) that is controlled by the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. We found that AK126698 overexpression downregulated FZD8, which in turn strongly decreased β-catenin expression and had weaker effects on c-myc and cyclin D1 expression. Conversely, Axin1 and E-cadherin protein levels were increased (Figure 5). Meanwhile, AK126698 knockdown upregulated FZD8, increased β-catenin expression, and enhanced c-myc and cyclin D1 expression, while decreasing Axin1 and E-cadherin protein levels (Figure 5). Together, these data indicate that the AK126698-mediated decrease in cell proliferation and migration may be largely attributed to its ability to inhibit FZD8, which suppresses the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Figure 5

lncRNA AK126698 inhibits the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Notes: Western blot analysis shows changes in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway components in si-AK126698 cells and Lv-AK126698 cells. The experiments were all repeated at least three times. *P<0.05.

Abbreviations: lncRNA, long noncoding RNA; siRNA, small interfering RNA.

Discussion

Developing effective treatments for human cancer is challenging because of the unlimited proliferation, metastasis, and defective apoptosis of cancer cells. Recent studies have revealed that a large number of lncRNAs are involved in the development of human disease, especially cancer.15–17 However, for most lncRNAs, the mechanism of action, biological function, and signaling pathways through which they exert their biological activity remain unknown. The present study aimed to investigate a possible relationship between NSCLC and AK126698, and explore the underlying mechanisms of AK126698.

We found that AK126698 was downregulated in NSCLC tissues compared with adjacent normal lung tissues. More importantly, the level of AK126698 expression correlated with NSCLC tumor size and clinical stage. This is the first report of a relationship between AK126698 expression and NSCLC. This finding is consistent with our observations that AK126698 is downregulated in NSCLC cell lines compared with normal human bronchial epithelial cell line (16HBE). A previous study had reported that AK126698 expression is low in cisplatin-resistant A549/DDP cells compared with parental A549 cells.14 Taken together, these observations indicate that AK126698 may function as a tumor suppressor in NSCLC progression. However, because of the limited follow-up time, it is unknown whether AK126698 expression levels are associated with overall survival in patients with NSCLC.

As low AK126698 expression was associated with a large tumor size and advanced pathologic stage, we speculated that AK126698 could play an important role in tumor cell proliferation and migration. We demonstrated that AK126698 overexpression in A549 and NCI-H520 cells suppressed cell proliferation and migration, whereas AK126698 knockdown enhanced cell proliferation and migration in A549 and NCI-H520 cells. In addition, AK126698 upregulation resulted in increased apoptosis. These results reveal that AK126698-dependent regulation of NSCLC proliferation might involve altering the apoptotic rate.

Aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has been demonstrated in several cancers, including lung cancer.18,19 Numerous lncRNAs have been demonstrated to target the key components of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and, thus, modulate cancer cell function. For example, the lncRNA CCAL was found to promote colorectal cancer progression by targeting activator protein 2α and, thus, activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.20 Furthermore, HOTAIR inhibits WIF-1 expression, which in turn activates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.21 Previous studies showed that several FZD receptors including FZD2, FZD4, FZD7, and FZD10 were dys-regulated in different types of cancers.22–26 FZD8 upregulation has been identified in lung cancer tissues and cell lines,27,28 and knockdown of FZD8 expression using siRNA has been observed to inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells in vitro and in a xenograft mouse model.28 Therefore, targeted inhibition of FZD8 displays a promising and rational new approach for cancer therapy. We investigated the mechanisms by which AK126698 exerts its function and modulates malignant NSCLC phenotypes. We found that the ability of AK126698 to suppress proliferation and migration is, in large part, owing to its ability to inhabit FZD8 and subsequently activate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Furthermore, the coexpression of AK126698 and its target gene FZD8 was detected in NSCLC tissues. We observed that AK126698 was negatively correlated with FZD8 expression in NSCLC tissues. LRP6 is one of the coreceptors of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and is essential for the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.29 However, the result of our research indicated that LRP6 was not regulated by AK126698. Taken together, our results strongly suggested that AK126698 suppressed the activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway by targeting FZD8 in NSCLC development.

Metastasis is the leading cause of death among patients with cancer.30,31 It was found in our study through wound healing and transwell analyses that upregulation of AK126698 expression dramatically weakened the migration ability of NSCLC cells. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling is activated upon the binding of Wnt ligands to FZD/LRP coreceptor complexes, β-catenin escapes from degradation in the Axin complex,32 and accumulated β-catenin is translocated to the nucleus. β-catenin can also activate the expression of Snail and Slug, which represses E-cadherin expression and induces EMT and cancer metastasis.33,34 Recent studies are beginning to reveal the association of lncRNA with EMT.33,35 Increased MALAT-1 led to bladder cancer cell migration by Wnt signaling activation and in turn induced EMT.33 H19 is associated with enhancer of Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), and this association contributes to activate Wnt/β-catenin and subsequent downregulation of E-cadherin.35 The present study also unraveled that upregulated AK126698 contributed to a decreased expression of FZD8, and that this association leads to Wnt/β-catenin inactivation and subsequent upregulation of E-cadherin. The downregulation of AK126698 had the opposite effects.

To summarize, our present study shows that AK126698 is frequently downregulated in NSCLC patients. In addition, AK126698 can significantly inhibit NSCLC cell proliferation and migration and increase apoptosis. Finally, our findings suggest that AK126698 is a negative regulator for the malignant transformation pathway Wnt/β-catenin through targeting FZD8. Our studies suggest that targeting the AK126698/FZD8 interaction or perturbing AK126698 expression is a new potential therapeutic strategy in the treatment of NSCLC.

lncRNA AK126698 inhibits NCI-H520 cells’ proliferation and migration and induces apoptosis.

Notes: (A) NCI-H520 cells were transduced with Lv-AK126698 and Lv-AK126698-NC (control) viruses; 72 hours after transduction, the expression of AK126698 was analyzed by qRT-PCR. (B) Cell viability was measured using CCK-8 cell growth assay. (C) The effects of AK126698 on NCI-H520 cell proliferation were analyzed by EdU incorporation assay. The blue color indicates the nuclei and the red color represents EdU-positive nuclei. Scale bars: 500 μm. (D) Wound healing assays were used to investigate the migratory ability of A549 cells. (E) Transwell assays were used to investigate the changes in migratory abilities of NCI-H520 cells. (F) The effects of AK126698 on NCI-H520 cell apoptosis were determined by flow cytometric analysis. The experiments were all repeated at least three times. *P<0.05, **P<0.01.

Knockdown of lncRNA AK126698 promotes A549 cells’ proliferation and migration and inhibits apoptosis.

Notes: (A) A549 cells were transfected with AK126698 siRNA (si-AK126698) and control siRNA (siRNA/control); 48 hours after transfection, the expression of AK126698 was analyzed by qRT-PCR. (B) Cell viability was measured using CCK-8 cell growth assay. (C) The effects of AK126698 on A549 cell proliferation were analyzed by EdU incorporation assay. The blue color indicates the nuclei and the red color represents EdU-positive nuclei. Scale bars: 500 μm. (D) Wound healing assays were used to investigate the migratory ability of A549 cells. (E) Transwell assays were used to investigate the changes in migratory abilities of A549 cells. (F) The effects of AK126698 on A549 cell apoptosis were determined by flow cytometric analysis. The experiments were all repeated at least three times. *P<0.05, **P<0.01.