Margot J Overman1,2, Neil Pendleton3, Terence W O'Neill4,5, Gyorgy Bartfai6, Felipe F Casanueva7, Joseph D Finn8, Gianni Forti9, Giulia Rastrelli10, Aleksander Giwercman11, Thang S Han12, Ilpo T Huhtaniemi13, Krzysztof Kula14, Michael E J Lean15, Margus Punab16, David M Lee17, Elon S Correa8, Tomas Ahern8, Sabine M P Verschueren18, Leen Antonio19,20, Evelien Gielen21, Martin K Rutter22,23, Dirk Vanderschueren19, Frederick C W Wu8, Jos Tournoy20,21. 1. Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium. margot.overman@ndcn.ox.ac.uk. 2. UZ Leuven, Herestraat 49, Postbus 7003 35, 3000, Louvain, Belgium. margot.overman@ndcn.ox.ac.uk. 3. Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neurosciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. 4. Arthritis Research UK Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. 5. NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK. 6. Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Andrology, Albert Szent-György Medical University, Szeged, Hungary. 7. Department of Medicine, Instituto Salud Carlos III, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain. 8. Andrology Research Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. 9. Endocrinology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy. 10. Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental, Clinical, and Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy. 11. Reproductive Medicine Centre, Skåne University Hospital, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden. 12. Department of Endocrinology, Ashford and St Peter's NHS Foundation Trust, Chertsey, UK. 13. Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK. 14. Department of Andrology and Reproductive Endocrinology, Medical University of Łódź, Lodz, Poland. 15. Department of Human Nutrition, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. 16. Andrology Unit, United Laboratories of Tartu University Clinics, Tartu, Estonia. 17. School of Social Sciences, Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. 18. Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium. 19. Department of Andrology and Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium. 20. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium. 21. Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Louvain, Belgium. 22. The Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Group, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. 23. Manchester Diabetes Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Although lower levels of vitamin D have been related to poor cognitive functioning and dementia in older adults, evidence from longitudinal investigations is inconsistent. The objective of this study was to determine whether 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] levels are associated with specified measures of cognitive decline in ageing men. METHODS: The European Male Ageing Study (EMAS) followed 3369 men aged 40-79 over 4.4 years. 25(OH)D levels at baseline were measured by radioimmunoassay, and 1,25(OH)2D levels were obtained with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Visuoconstructional abilities, visual memory, and processing speed at baseline and follow-up were assessed using the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCF), Camden Topographical Recognition Memory (CTRM), and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). RESULTS: Following attritions, a total of 2430 men with a mean (SD) age of 59.0 (10.6) were included in the analyses. At baseline, the mean 25(OH)D concentration was 64.6 (31.5) nmol/l, and mean 1,25(OH)2D level was 59.6 (16.6) pmol/l. In age-adjusted linear regression models, high 25(OH)D concentrations were associated with a smaller decline in the DSST (β = 0.007, p = 0.020). Men with low 25(OH)D levels (<50 nmol/l) showed a greater decline in the CTRM compared to men with higher (≥75 nmol/l) levels (β = -0.41, p = 0.035). However, these associations disappeared after adjusting for confounders such as depressive symptoms, BMI, and comorbidities. There was no indication of a relationship between 1,25(OH)2D and decline in cognitive subdomains. CONCLUSION: We found no evidence for an independent association between 25(OH)D or 1,25(OH)2D levels and visuoconstructional abilities, visual memory, or processing speed over on average 4.4 years in this sample of middle-aged and elderly European men.
PURPOSE: Although lower levels of vitamin D have been related to poor cognitive functioning and dementia in older adults, evidence from longitudinal investigations is inconsistent. The objective of this study was to determine whether 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] levels are associated with specified measures of cognitive decline in ageing men. METHODS: The European Male Ageing Study (EMAS) followed 3369 men aged 40-79 over 4.4 years. 25(OH)D levels at baseline were measured by radioimmunoassay, and 1,25(OH)2D levels were obtained with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Visuoconstructional abilities, visual memory, and processing speed at baseline and follow-up were assessed using the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCF), Camden Topographical Recognition Memory (CTRM), and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). RESULTS: Following attritions, a total of 2430 men with a mean (SD) age of 59.0 (10.6) were included in the analyses. At baseline, the mean 25(OH)D concentration was 64.6 (31.5) nmol/l, and mean 1,25(OH)2D level was 59.6 (16.6) pmol/l. In age-adjusted linear regression models, high 25(OH)D concentrations were associated with a smaller decline in the DSST (β = 0.007, p = 0.020). Men with low 25(OH)D levels (<50 nmol/l) showed a greater decline in the CTRM compared to men with higher (≥75 nmol/l) levels (β = -0.41, p = 0.035). However, these associations disappeared after adjusting for confounders such as depressive symptoms, BMI, and comorbidities. There was no indication of a relationship between 1,25(OH)2D and decline in cognitive subdomains. CONCLUSION: We found no evidence for an independent association between 25(OH)D or 1,25(OH)2D levels and visuoconstructional abilities, visual memory, or processing speed over on average 4.4 years in this sample of middle-aged and elderly European men.
Entities:
Keywords:
Ageing; Cognition; Male health; Multicenter study; Vitamin D
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