Chia-Hsien Wu1, Li-Yuan Bai2,3, Ming-Hsui Tsai4, Po-Chen Chu1,5, Chang-Fang Chiu3,6, Michael Yuanchien Chen7,8, Shih-Jiuan Chiu9, Jo-Hua Chiang10, Jing-Ru Weng10. 1. Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan. 2. College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan. 3. Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan. 4. Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan. 5. Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan. 6. Cancer Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan. 7. Department of Oral &Maxillofacial Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan. 8. School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan. 9. School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan. 10. Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
Abstract
Phenothiazines (PTZs) have been used for the antipsychotic drugs for centuries. However, some of these PTZs have been reported to exhibit antitumor effects by targeting various signaling pathways in vitro and in vivo. Thus, this study was aimed at exploiting trifluoperazine, one of PTZs, to develop potent antitumor agents. This effort culminated in A4 [10-(3-(piperazin-1-yl)propyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)-10H-phenothiazine] which exhibited multi-fold higher apoptosis-inducing activity than the parent compound in oral cancer cells. Compared to trifluoperazine, A4 demonstrated similar regulation on the phosphorylation or expression of multiple molecular targets including Akt, p38, and ERK. In addition, A4 induced autophagy, as evidenced by increased expression of the autophagy biomarkers LC3B-II and Atg5, and autophagosomes formation. The antitumor activity of A4 also related to production of reactive oxygen species and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase. Importantly, the antitumor utility of A4 was extended in vivo as it, administrated at 10 and 20 mg/kg intraperitoneally, suppressed the growth of Ca922 xenograft tumors. In conclusion, the ability of A4 to target diverse aspects of cancer cell growth suggests its value in oral cancer therapy.
Phenothiazines (PTZs) have been used for the antipsychotic drugs for centuries. However, some of these PTZs have been reported to exhibit antitumor effects by targeting various signaling pathways in vitro and in vivo. Thus, this study was aimed at exploiting trifluoperazine, one of PTZs, to develop potent antitumor agents. This effort culminated in A4 [10-(3-(piperazin-1-yl)propyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)-10H-phenothiazine] which exhibited multi-fold higher apoptosis-inducing activity than the parent compound in oral cancer cells. Compared to trifluoperazine, A4 demonstrated similar regulation on the phosphorylation or expression of multiple molecular targets including Akt, p38, and ERK. In addition, A4 induced autophagy, as evidenced by increased expression of the autophagy biomarkers LC3B-II and Atg5, and autophagosomes formation. The antitumor activity of A4 also related to production of reactive oxygen species and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase. Importantly, the antitumor utility of A4 was extended in vivo as it, administrated at 10 and 20 mg/kg intraperitoneally, suppressed the growth of Ca922xenograft tumors. In conclusion, the ability of A4 to target diverse aspects of cancer cell growth suggests its value in oral cancer therapy.
Oral cancer is the sixth leading cause of cancer death worldwide, accounting for over 350,000 deaths per year1. The combined use of tobacco, betel nut, and alcohol has been shown to a major risk factor for the development of oral cancer due to their carcinogenic effect in the oral muscosa2. Although many therapeutic options are available for the treatment of oral cancer, many patients eventually develop therapeutic resistance. Thus, there is an urgency to develop new chemotherapeutic agents for patients who have developed advanced oral cancer.Phenothiazines (PTZs) represent a major class of antipsychotic drugs, widely used for the treatment of schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder34. PTZs were originally developed as anti-psychotropic agents due to their inhibitory activity against the dopamine D2 receptor45. Recently, some of these PTZs have been reported to exhibit antitumor effects by targeting various signaling pathways, including those mediated by protein kinase C, calmodulin-dependent enzymes, P-glycoprotein, and protein phosphatase 2A567. Consequently, recent years have wintnessed the modifications of PTZs to develop different targeted agents, including the triazole derivatives as farnesyltransferase inhibitors8 and the N-benzoylated derivatives as tubulin inhibitors91011 (Fig. 1A).
Figure 1
Use of trifluoperazine as scaffolds for developing new anticancer agents.
Upper panel, Structure of trifluoperazine, Lower panel, structures and potencies for inducing apoptotic death in Ca922 cells of the trifluoperazine derivatives A1 to A18. Cell viability was assessed by MTT assays with six replicates. The reported IC50 values are concentrations at which Ca922 cell death measures 50% relative to DMSO control after 48 h exposure in 5% FBS-containing MEM in 96-well plates.
In this study, we report the use of trifluoperazine as a lead compound to develop antitumor agents with improved antitumor efficacy and reduced toxicity. This structure optimization effort resulted in a proof-of-concept compound, A4, which exhibited multi-fold higher potency as compared to the parent compound without appreciable cytotoxicity to normal oral human keartinocytes (NHOKs). Mechanistically, A4 retained the activity of trifluoperazine to induce caspase-dependent apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells by targeting multiple signaling pathways. Moreover, we obtained evidence that A4 induced autophagic cell death, which might be associated with its ability to activate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). More importantly, A4 was effective in vivo in suppressing OSCC xenograft tumor growth, while the trifluoperazine-treated counterparts died within a few days.
Results
Structure activity relationship (SAR)
In order to improve the antiproliferative effect of trifluoperazine, we synthesized three series of N-substituted analogues (Fig. 1B). The antiproliferative activities of these agents (A1–A18) were evaluated in Ca922oral cancer cells by MTT assays after 48 h of drug treatment. Among these derivatives, A4 exhibited the highest antiproliferative potency with IC50 of 4.9 μM (Fig. 1B, etoposide as the positive control), relative to 14 μM for trifluoperazine (Fig. 2A). SAR analysis indicates that replacement of the piperazine ring with a different heterocycle, such as morpholine (i.e., A3) or piperidine (i.e., A10), and/or changes in the length/structure of the linker resulted in substantial loss of antiproliferative potency. Together, these findings suggested that the propyl-piperazine moeity played an integral role in maintaining the antiproliferative activity. This differential antitumor activity was also noted in another OSCC cell line, SCC2095 (IC50: A4, 4.5 μM; trifluoperazine, 18 μM, Fig. 2B). We rationalized that this discrepancy was attributable to the N-methyl function of trifluoperazine, of which the stereoelectronic effect hindered the ligand interaction with target proteins.
Figure 2
Antiproliferative effects of trifluoperazine and A4 in oral cancer cell lines (Ca922, SCC2095), primary OSCC cells, and NHOKs.
(A) Ca922, (B) SCC2095 (C) Primary OSCC cells, and (D) NHOKs (5 × 103/200 μL) were treated with DMSO vehicle or trifluoperazine or A4 at the indicated concentrations. Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay as described in the Material section. Points, mean; bars, S.D. (n = 6). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.005 compared to the control group.
In addition, A4 was effective in suppressing the viability of primary OSCC cells with IC50 of 5.6 μM at 48 h (Fig. 2C), while normal humna oral keratinocytes (NHOKs) were insensitive to A4 (Fig. 2D). These findings suggest the discriminative antiproliferative activity of A4 against malignant versus non-malignant oral mucosal cells.
A4 induces caspase-dependent apoptosis through multiple targets identical to that of trifluoperazine
We obtained evidence that that A4 retained the ability of trifluoperazine to facilitate apoptotic cell death via caspase activation. For example, annexin V/PI staining showed that treatment of Ca922 cells with either agent led to dose-dependent increases in the apoptotic cell population (Fig. 3A; etoposide as a positive control). This apoptosis induction was confirmed by Western blot and flow cytometric analyses that showed dose-dependent effects of A4 and trifluoperazine on caspase-9 and procapase-8 activation (Fig. 3B) and activated caspase-3 expression (Fig. 3C), respectively.
Figure 3
Evidence of apoptosis for trifluoperazine and A4-induced cell death.
(A) Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining. Ca922 cells were treated with DMSO vehicle or trifluoperazine or A4 at the indicated concentrations in 5% FBS-supplemented MEM medium for 48 h. (B) Western blotting of procaspase-8 and caspase-9 after the treatment of trifluoperazine or A4 in Ca922 cells for 48 h. (C) Caspase-3 activation of trifluoperazine and A4 in Ca922 cells (n = 4). Staurosporine (Stauro.) as the positive control. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.005 compared to the control group.
Trifluoperazine has been reported to target multiple signaling pathways to induce apoptosis in cancer cells1213. Consequently, we examined the phosporylation status of a series of key signaling kinases, including Akt and its downstream target mTOR, p38, and ERKs. Western blot anaylsis showed that A4 and trifluoperazine dose-dependently decreased the phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR, accompanied by parallel increases in p38 phosphorylation in Ca922 cells (Fig. 4). However, A4 and trifluoperazine diverged on their respective effects on ERK phosphorylation, i.e., only A4 was effective in suppressing p-ERK levels, indicating a subtle difference in their pharmacological properties.
Figure 4
Dose-dependent effects of trifluoperazine and A4 on the phosphorylation/expression of Akt, mTOR, p38, and ERK in Ca922 cells.
Cells are treated with trifluoperazine or A4 at the indicated concentrations in 5% FBS-MEM for 48 h and cell lysates were immunoblotted as described in Methods section.
A4 induces ROS generation and DNA damage
It has been reported that trifluoperazine inhibited DNA double strand breaks repair in humanlarynx carcinoma cells and delayed the ability of γ-H2AX resolution in DNA-damaged lung cancer cells1415. In light of the mechanistic link between ROS and DNA damage response to many anti-tumor drugs1617, we first examined the cellular levels of ROS in A4-treated Ca922 cells (5 μM). As shown in Fig. 5A, 5 μM A4 significantly increased ROS generation in Ca922 cells after 48 h of treatment (37.1% to 61.8%) which, however, could be rescued by N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a reported antioxidant18. It is noteworthy that this A4-induced ROS generation was accompanied by dose-dependent increases in the phosphorylation of H2AX and p53, hallmarks of DNA damage response1920, in Ca922 cells (Fig. 5B).
Figure 5
ROS generation of A4 in Ca922 cells.
(A) Left panel, Flow cytometric analysis of the effect of A4 (5 μM), alone or in combination with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) for 3 h on ROS production. Three independent experiments were performed, and the statistical analysis are presented in right panel, Points, mean; bars, S.D. (n = 3). *P < 0.05 compared to the control group. (B) Western blotting analysis of the phosphorylation/expression of H2AX and p53 in Ca922 cells.
A4 induces autophagic cell death
It has been reported that trifluoperazine induced autophagic degradation without causing cellular damages in glioblastoma cells21. Pursuant to this finding, we obtained several lines of evidence to demonstrate the ability of A4 to induce autophagy. First, transmission electron microscopy revealed autophagosome formation in the cytoplasm after exposing Ca922 cells to 5 μM A4 for 24 h (Fig. 6A). Second, Ca922 cells were transiently transfected with GFP-tagged LC3 (GFP-LC3) and exposured 5 μM A4, or 100 nM rapamycin (positive control). Confocal fluorescene imaging demonstrated that the accumulation of LC3-positive puntca in the cytoplasm in a manner similar to that of rapamycin (Fig. 6B). Furthermore, Western blotting showed that A4 dose-dependently increased the expression of LC3B-II and autophagy-related protein (Atg)5 (Fig. 6C), one of the essential molecures which forms pre-autophagosomes2223.
Figure 6
A4 induced autophagy.
(A) Electron microscopic analysis of autophagosome formation after the treatment of A4 (5 μM) or DMSO in Ca922 cells for 24 h as described in Methods section. Magnification, 12000x. Arrow: autophagosomes. (B) Fluorescent confocal microscopic analysis of A4-induced autophagosome formation in Ca922 cells ectopically expressing GFP-LC3. Cells transiently transfected with GFP-LC3 plasmids were treated with DMSO, 5 μM A4, or 100 nM rapamycin for 48 h and then fixed by 3.7% paraldehyde and examined by confocal microscopy. Scale bar: 10 μm. Arrow: autophagosomes. (C) Western blotting of LC3B and Atg5 in Ca922 cells treated with A4 for 48 h. (D) Ca922 cells were treated with 7.5 μM A4 alone or in combination with 1 nM bafilomycin A1 (BA) for 48 h, and then annexin V-FITC/PI double-staining analysis was performed. (E) Western blot analysis of the expression of PARP and caspase-9 after A4 alone or the combination of BA in Ca922 cells.
To investigate whether this autophagy induction played a protective or cytotoxic role, we examined the effect of the autophagic inhibitor bafilomycin A1 (BA; a vacuolar-type H+-ATPase inhibitor) on A4-induced apoptotic cell death. PI/annexin-V analysis demonstrated that co-treatment of Ca922 cells with BA recused A4-induced apoptotic death (Fig. 6D). As shown, Western blotting showed that co-treatment with BA led to a lesser extent of PARP cleavage and caspase-9 activation as compare to A4 alone (Fig. 6E). Together, these data suggested that A4 induces autophagic cell death, which increased the drug effect on apoptosis in Ca922 cells.
AMPK activation is involved in A4-induced cell death
In light of the role of AMPK in inducing autophagy through the negative regulation of mTORC124, we further examined the effect of A4 on AMPK activation. Consistent with our premise, Western blotting analysis indicated the ability of A4 to activate AMPK, as manifested by increased phosphorylation levels of AMPK and its downstream target acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) in A4-treated Ca922 cells (Fig. 7A). To clarify the role of AMPK, we examined the effect of the AMPK inhibitor compound c on A4’s antiproliferative activity. Flow cytometric analysis showed that compound c was able to protect Ca922 cells from A4-induced apoptotic cell death (P < 0.05; Fig. 7B,C). Furthermore, Western blot analysis showed that co-treatment of compound c abolished the effect of A4 on AMPK activation, which was accompanied by a lesser extent of PARP cleavage relative to A4 alone (Fig. 7C).
Figure 7
Restoration of antiproliferative activity of A4 by inactivating AMPK.
(A) The phosphorylation/expression of AMPK and ACC of A4 in Ca922 cells. Cells were treated with A4 in 5% FBS-supplemented MEM medium for 48 h, and cell lysates were immunoblotted as described in Methods. (B) Histogram showing 7.5 μM A4 alone or in combination with 2.5 μM compound c (CC) for 48 h, and then annexin V-FITC/PI double-staining analysis was performed. (C) The percentage of cells in Q2 and Q4 phases after the treatment was shown. Data are presented as mean ± S.D. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.005. (D) Western blotting analysis of the phosphorylation/expression of AMPK and PARP after the combination of CC or A4 alone in Ca922 cells.
A4 inhibited Ca922 xenograft tumor growth in nude mice
We examined the in vivo antitumor efficacy of A4 relative to trifluoperazine in Ca922tumor-bearing mice. Daily administration of A4 at 10 or 20 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection significantly inhibited Ca922xenograft tumor growth by 74% and 81% (P < 0.001), respectively (Fig. 8A). A4 slightly decreased the body weight of tumor-bearing mice during the first week of treatment, however, the differences were not statistically significant and no further decreases were noted in the following weeks (Fig. 8B, P = 0.0795). Although mice receiving parent trifluoperazine at 30 mg/kg/day had smaller tumor size compared with mice in control group at initial days (Fig. 8A), all 6 mice in trifluoperazine group had significant body weight loss from 21.2 ± 0.5 mg to 16.5 ± 0.9 mg and died after 5 days of treatment. This suggested a considerable toxicity of trifluoperazine for mice.
Figure 8
Effects of A4 on Ca922 xenograft tumor size and mice body weight change.
(A) Mice bearing Ca922 xenografts were treated with normal saline control, A4 (10 mg/kg/day), A4 (20 mg/kg/day), or trifluoperazine (30 mg/kg/day). The tumor size was recorded every 2 days. (B) Body weight change of mice.
Discussion
As the development of brand-new therapeutic agentes takes an enormous amount of resources, time, and effort, repurposing of existing drugs by exploiting their off-target mechanisms has become a useful strategy for new drug discovery2526. In this study, we report the pharmacological exploitation of trifluoperazine, an antipsychotic drug, as a proof-of-concept to develop new antitumor agents for oral cancer therapy. The structurally optimized agent A4 exhibited not only higher in vitro/in vivo antitumor efficacy, but also lesser toxicity in normal oral human keratinocytes and tumor-bearing mice. Thus, A4 represents a proof-of-concept compound that the phenothiazine class of antipsychotic drugs could be used as starting points for developing novel antitumor agents for clinical development.The replacement of hydrogen on the piperazine ring endowed A4 with multifold higher apoptosis-inducing potency. Relative to trifluoperazine, A4 displayed similar pattern on modulating multiple molecular targets, including Akt and its downstream effectors mTOR and the MAPK kinases p38 (Fig. 4). It’s noteworthy that these signaling effectors play the important roles in the development of metastsis and invasion in oral cancer cells272829.In addition, increased oxidative stress including the long-term use of areca nut, dysfunction of antioxidant enzymes, and DNA damage has been implicated in the pathogenesis of oral cancer303132. Interestingly, a recent paper reported that trifluoperazine protected hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in ratpheochromocytoma cells33. In contrast, our present study demonstrated that A4 induced ROS generation, which could be rescue by the antioxidant agent NAC. Meanwhile, our finding of A4-induced DNA damage is consistent with the previous report that trifluoperazine impaired DNA repair in lung cancer34. Moreover, we found that autophagy is involved in A4-induced cell death, at leat in part, through AMPK activation. Because pharmacological inhibition of AMPK could partially proteced cells from A4-induced apoptosis, we rationalize that this AMPK activation acts in concert with the inhibition of Akt/mTOR and the activation of p38 to facilitate apoptosis in A4-treated oral cancer cells (Fig. 7).Evidence indicates that autophagy could play a pro-survival or pro-apoptosis role in drug-induced cell death3536. It has been reported that trifluoperazine-induced autophagy could protect human dopaminergic cells from wild-type alpha-synuclein-induced toxicity37. However, our presente study showed that A4 induced-autophagy played a pro-apoptosis role in oral cancer cells. AMPK, a cellular energy sensor, is one of the molecular targets which modulate autophagy and being the potential target for cancer therapy38. Assessment of the in vivo efficacy of A4 in tumor-bearing nude mice indicated that A4 was effective in suppressing the growth of established xenograft tumors. More importantly, unlike, its parent compound trifluoperazine, A4 did not incur acute toxicity in tumor-bearing mice.
Conclusions
Our results show that the trifluoperazine derivative, A4, is a potent antitumor agent in oral cancer cells, which mediates apoptosis, at least in part, through the activation of AMPK, ROS generation, and caspases activation. A4 also induced autophagic cell death, which contributed to its antiproliferative activity. Equally important, A4 exhibited in vivo efficacy in suppressing xenograft tumor growth in nude mice without incurring acute toxicity. Taken together, this study provides a proof of concept for the repurposing of PTZ antipsychotic drugs to develop novel therapeutic agents for cancer therapy.
Methods
Reagents, Antibodies, and Plasmids
2-(trifluoromethyl)-10H-phenothiazine (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was used as the starting material to synthesize trifluoperazine and trifluoperazine derivatives (Fig. 1A, Figs S3–S16). The identity and purity (>95%) of these synthetic derivatives were identified by proton magnetic resonance spectrometry and HR-EIMS (Figs S5–S38). All agents were dissolved in DMSO, diluted in culture medium, and added to cells at a final DMSO concentration of 0.1%. Antibodies against the following biomarkers were obtained from Cell Signaling Technologies (Danvers, MA, USA): Akt, p-473Ser Akt, p-180/182Thr/Tyr 38, p38, p-2448Ser mTOR, ERK, p-202/204Thr/Tyr ERK, LC3B, Atg5, p-172Thr AMPK, AMPK, p-15Ser p53, p53, p-139Ser H2AX, p-79Ser ACC, ACC, PARP, procaspase-8, and caspase-9. β-actin was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. The GFP-LC3 plasmid was purchased from Addgene (Cambridge, MA, USA). The enhanced chemiluminescence system for detection of immunoblotted proteins was from GE Healthcare (Piscataway, NJ, USA). Other chemicals and reagents were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich unless otherwise noted.
Cell Culture
Ca922 and SCC2095humanoral cancer cells were kindly provided by Professor Susan R. Mallery (The Ohio State University). Ca922 cells were cultured in MEM medium and SCC2095 were cultured in DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA), 5 mg/ml of penicillin and 5 mg/ml of streptomycin. In addition to the above culture condition, 0.4 μg/mL hydrocortisone was added in SCC2095 cells. Primary OSCC cells were isolated from freshly surgical specimens according to a protocol approved by the China Medical University Hospital internal review board. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and all experimental procedures were carried out in accordance with the approved protocol. Normal human oral keratinocytes (NHOKs) were kindly provided from Dr. Tzong-Ming Shieh (China Medical University) and were maintained in the keratinocyte serum-free medium (Gibco). All cells were cultured at 37 °C in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO2.
Cell Viability Analysis
The effect of test agents on cell viability was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay39 in 6 replicates. Briefly, cells (5 × 103) were seeded and incubated in 96-well, flat-bottomed plates in 10% FBS-supplemented MEM or DMEM/F12 or keratinocyte serum-free medium for 24 h, and were exposed to test agents at the indicated concentrations in 5% FBS-supplemented MEM or DMEM/F12 or keratinocyte serum-free medium for different time intervals. Medium was removed and replaced by 200 μL of 0.5 mg/ml MTT in the same medium. After 2 h incubation, the reduced MTT dye was solubilized in 200 μL/well of DMSO. Absorbance was determined with a Synergy HT (Bio-Tek, Winooski, Vermont, USA) at 570 nm.
Flow Cytometric Analysis
Ca922 cells (5 × 104) were plated and treated with test agents at indicated concentrations in 5% FBS-supplemented MEM medium for 48 h40. Cells were harvested, washed twice in ice-cold PBS, fixed in 70% cold ethanol at 4 °C for 4 h, followed by spinning at 1200 rpm for 5 min and re-suspending in ice-cold PBS containing 2% PBS. Cells were stained with annexin V-FITC and PI according to the vendor’s protocols (BD Pharmingen, San Diego, USA) and analyzed by using BD FACSAria flow cytometer (Becton, Dickinson and Co., Franklin Lakes, NY, USA). For caspase-3 activation, drug-treated cells were assessed using a FITCrabbit anti-active caspase-3 kit, according to the vendor’s protocols (BD Pharmingen).
Western Blotting
Drug-treated cells were collected, washed with ice-cold PBS, and resuspended in lysis buffer [137 mM NaCl, 1 mM CaCl2, 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8), 0.1% SDS, 100 μM 4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl fluoride, 0.5% deoxycholate, 10% glycerol, 1% Nonidet P-40, leupeptin at 10 μg/mL, and aprotinin at 10 μg/mL]. Soluble cell lysates were collected after centrifugation at 1500 g for 5 min. Equivalent amounts of protein (60–100 μg) from each lysate were resolved in 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Bands were transferred to nitrocellulose membranes and blocked with 5% nonfat milk in PBS containing 0.1% Tween 20 (PBST) and incubated overnight with the corresponding primary antibodies at 4 °C. After washing with PBST three times, the membrane was incubated at room temperature for 1 h with the secondary antibody with PBST and visualized by enhanced chemiluminescence.
Transient Transfection and Confocal Microscopy
The GFP-LC3 plasmid was transiently transfected into Ca922 cells by using the Fugene HD reagent (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) according to the manufacture’s protocol41. Cells (2 × 105/3 mL) were seeded in each well of a six-well plate. After 24 h incubation, cells were treated with A4 (5 μM) or rapamycin (100 nM) as positive control for 15 min, fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde (Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany) for 30 min at room temperature, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 for 20 min, and washed with PBS. GFP fluorescence was visualized on a Leica TCS SP2 confocal microscope (Leica Biosystems Nussloch GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany).
Transmission Electron Microscopy
Samples were prepared according to an established procedure42. Briefly, Ca922 cells were fixed in a solution containing 0.2 M sodium cacodylate, 2.5% glutaraldehyde, and 2% paraformaldehyde for 1 h. The fixed cells were suspended in a buffered solution containing 1% osmic acid for 1 h, followed by dehydration in a graded ethanol series, wash with acetone, and embedding into EPON epoxy resin. Ultrathin sections (60–80 nm) were prepared on an ultramicrotome and double-stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. All sections were examined and photographed with a Hitachi H-600 transmission electron microscope (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan).
In vivo
Twenty four male nude mice of 5 weeks of age were obtained from the National Laboratory Animal Center (Taipei, Taiwan). Ca922 cells were cultured in MEM supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS. Each mouse was inoculated subcutaneously with 1 × 107 Ca922 cells in 0.1 ml phosphate-buffered saline. Tumor diameter was measured twice weekly using calipers and the tumor volume was calculated using a standard formula: width2 × length × 0.52. Body weights of the mice were measured once weekly. When the mean tumor volume reached 60 mm3, mice were randomized into four groups (n = 6) that received the following treatments: (a) A4 at 10 mg/kg body weight qd, (b) A4 at 20 mg/kg body weight qd, (c) trifluoperazine at 30 mg/kg body weight qd, and (d) normal saline control. All mice received treatments by intraperitoneal injection (50 μL/mouse) daily till reaching the endpoint. The criteria for endpoint included death, body weight loss more than 30% or tumor size more than 1200 mm3. All animal experiments were performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Animal Welfare Act and The Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals from the Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan. The in vivo experiment protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of China Medical University (Taichung, Taiwan, IACUC Approval no.: 103-105-N, period of protocol valid from August 01, 2014 to July 31, 2017).
Statistical Analysis
All data are presented as mean ± S.D. obtained from three independent experiments. Differences in among group means of tumor volume in vivo were analyzed for statistical significance using one-way analysis of variance followed by the Neuman–Keuls test for multiple comparisons. Differences were considered significant *P < 0.05, **P < 0.005. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA).
Additional Information
How to cite this article: Wu, C.-H. et al. Pharmacological exploitation of the phenothiazine antipsychotics to develop novel antitumor agents–A drug repurposing strategy. Sci. Rep.
6, 27540; doi: 10.1038/srep27540 (2016).
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Authors: Daniel J Klionsky; Amal Kamal Abdel-Aziz; Sara Abdelfatah; Mahmoud Abdellatif; Asghar Abdoli; Steffen Abel; Hagai Abeliovich; Marie H Abildgaard; Yakubu Princely Abudu; Abraham Acevedo-Arozena; Iannis E Adamopoulos; Khosrow Adeli; Timon E Adolph; Annagrazia Adornetto; Elma Aflaki; Galila Agam; Anupam Agarwal; Bharat B Aggarwal; Maria Agnello; Patrizia Agostinis; Javed N Agrewala; Alexander Agrotis; Patricia V Aguilar; S Tariq Ahmad; Zubair M Ahmed; Ulises Ahumada-Castro; Sonja Aits; Shu Aizawa; Yunus Akkoc; Tonia Akoumianaki; Hafize Aysin Akpinar; Ahmed M Al-Abd; Lina Al-Akra; Abeer Al-Gharaibeh; Moulay A Alaoui-Jamali; Simon Alberti; Elísabet Alcocer-Gómez; Cristiano Alessandri; Muhammad Ali; M Abdul Alim Al-Bari; Saeb Aliwaini; Javad Alizadeh; Eugènia Almacellas; Alexandru Almasan; Alicia Alonso; Guillermo D Alonso; Nihal Altan-Bonnet; Dario C Altieri; Élida M C Álvarez; Sara Alves; Cristine Alves da Costa; Mazen M Alzaharna; Marialaura Amadio; Consuelo Amantini; Cristina Amaral; Susanna Ambrosio; Amal O Amer; Veena Ammanathan; Zhenyi An; Stig U Andersen; Shaida A Andrabi; Magaiver Andrade-Silva; Allen M Andres; Sabrina Angelini; David Ann; Uche C Anozie; Mohammad Y Ansari; Pedro Antas; Adam Antebi; Zuriñe Antón; Tahira Anwar; Lionel Apetoh; Nadezda Apostolova; Toshiyuki Araki; Yasuhiro Araki; Kohei Arasaki; Wagner L Araújo; Jun Araya; Catherine Arden; Maria-Angeles Arévalo; Sandro Arguelles; Esperanza Arias; Jyothi Arikkath; Hirokazu Arimoto; Aileen R Ariosa; Darius Armstrong-James; Laetitia Arnauné-Pelloquin; Angeles Aroca; Daniela S Arroyo; Ivica Arsov; Rubén Artero; Dalia Maria Lucia Asaro; Michael Aschner; Milad Ashrafizadeh; Osnat Ashur-Fabian; Atanas G Atanasov; Alicia K Au; Patrick Auberger; Holger W Auner; Laure Aurelian; Riccardo Autelli; Laura Avagliano; Yenniffer Ávalos; Sanja Aveic; Célia Alexandra Aveleira; Tamar Avin-Wittenberg; Yucel Aydin; Scott Ayton; Srinivas Ayyadevara; Maria Azzopardi; Misuzu Baba; Jonathan M Backer; Steven K Backues; Dong-Hun Bae; Ok-Nam Bae; Soo Han Bae; Eric H Baehrecke; Ahruem Baek; Seung-Hoon Baek; Sung Hee Baek; Giacinto Bagetta; Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna; Hua Bai; Jie Bai; Xiyuan Bai; Yidong Bai; Nandadulal Bairagi; Shounak Baksi; Teresa Balbi; Cosima T Baldari; Walter Balduini; Andrea Ballabio; Maria Ballester; Salma Balazadeh; Rena Balzan; Rina Bandopadhyay; Sreeparna Banerjee; Sulagna Banerjee; Ágnes Bánréti; Yan Bao; Mauricio S Baptista; Alessandra Baracca; Cristiana Barbati; Ariadna Bargiela; Daniela Barilà; Peter G Barlow; Sami J Barmada; Esther Barreiro; George E Barreto; Jiri Bartek; Bonnie Bartel; Alberto Bartolome; Gaurav R Barve; Suresh H Basagoudanavar; Diane C Bassham; Robert C Bast; Alakananda Basu; Henri Batoko; Isabella Batten; Etienne E Baulieu; Bradley L Baumgarner; Jagadeesh Bayry; Rupert Beale; Isabelle Beau; Florian Beaumatin; Luiz R G Bechara; George R Beck; Michael F Beers; Jakob Begun; Christian Behrends; Georg M N Behrens; Roberto Bei; Eloy Bejarano; Shai Bel; Christian Behl; Amine Belaid; Naïma Belgareh-Touzé; Cristina Bellarosa; Francesca Belleudi; Melissa Belló Pérez; Raquel Bello-Morales; Jackeline Soares de Oliveira Beltran; Sebastián Beltran; Doris Mangiaracina Benbrook; Mykolas Bendorius; Bruno A Benitez; Irene Benito-Cuesta; Julien Bensalem; Martin W Berchtold; Sabina Berezowska; Daniele Bergamaschi; Matteo Bergami; Andreas Bergmann; Laura Berliocchi; Clarisse Berlioz-Torrent; Amélie Bernard; Lionel Berthoux; Cagri G Besirli; Sebastien Besteiro; Virginie M Betin; Rudi Beyaert; Jelena S Bezbradica; Kiran Bhaskar; Ingrid Bhatia-Kissova; Resham Bhattacharya; Sujoy Bhattacharya; Shalmoli Bhattacharyya; Md Shenuarin Bhuiyan; Sujit Kumar Bhutia; Lanrong Bi; Xiaolin Bi; Trevor J Biden; Krikor Bijian; Viktor A Billes; Nadine Binart; Claudia Bincoletto; Asa B Birgisdottir; Geir Bjorkoy; Gonzalo Blanco; Ana Blas-Garcia; Janusz Blasiak; Robert Blomgran; Klas Blomgren; Janice S Blum; Emilio Boada-Romero; Mirta Boban; Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia; Philippe Boeuf; Barry Boland; Pascale Bomont; Paolo Bonaldo; Srinivasa Reddy Bonam; Laura Bonfili; Juan S Bonifacino; Brian A Boone; Martin D Bootman; Matteo Bordi; Christoph Borner; Beat C Bornhauser; Gautam Borthakur; Jürgen Bosch; Santanu Bose; Luis M Botana; Juan Botas; Chantal M Boulanger; Michael E Boulton; Mathieu Bourdenx; Benjamin Bourgeois; Nollaig M Bourke; Guilhem Bousquet; Patricia Boya; Peter V Bozhkov; Luiz H M Bozi; Tolga O Bozkurt; Doug E Brackney; Christian H Brandts; Ralf J Braun; Gerhard H Braus; Roberto Bravo-Sagua; José M Bravo-San Pedro; Patrick Brest; Marie-Agnès Bringer; Alfredo Briones-Herrera; V Courtney Broaddus; Peter Brodersen; Jeffrey L Brodsky; Steven L Brody; Paola G Bronson; Jeff M Bronstein; Carolyn N Brown; Rhoderick E Brown; Patricia C Brum; John H Brumell; Nicola Brunetti-Pierri; Daniele Bruno; Robert J Bryson-Richardson; Cecilia Bucci; Carmen Buchrieser; Marta Bueno; Laura Elisa Buitrago-Molina; Simone Buraschi; Shilpa Buch; J Ross Buchan; Erin M Buckingham; Hikmet Budak; Mauricio Budini; Geert Bultynck; Florin Burada; Joseph R Burgoyne; M Isabel Burón; Victor Bustos; Sabrina Büttner; Elena Butturini; Aaron Byrd; Isabel Cabas; Sandra Cabrera-Benitez; Ken Cadwell; Jingjing Cai; Lu Cai; Qian Cai; Montserrat Cairó; Jose A Calbet; Guy A Caldwell; Kim A Caldwell; Jarrod A Call; Riccardo Calvani; Ana C Calvo; Miguel Calvo-Rubio Barrera; Niels Os Camara; Jacques H Camonis; Nadine Camougrand; Michelangelo Campanella; Edward M Campbell; François-Xavier Campbell-Valois; Silvia Campello; Ilaria Campesi; Juliane C Campos; Olivier Camuzard; Jorge Cancino; Danilo Candido de Almeida; Laura Canesi; Isabella Caniggia; Barbara Canonico; Carles Cantí; Bin Cao; Michele Caraglia; Beatriz Caramés; Evie H Carchman; Elena Cardenal-Muñoz; Cesar Cardenas; Luis Cardenas; Sandra M Cardoso; Jennifer S Carew; Georges F Carle; Gillian Carleton; Silvia Carloni; Didac Carmona-Gutierrez; Leticia A Carneiro; Oliana Carnevali; Julian M Carosi; Serena Carra; Alice Carrier; Lucie Carrier; Bernadette Carroll; A Brent Carter; Andreia Neves Carvalho; Magali Casanova; Caty Casas; Josefina Casas; Chiara Cassioli; Eliseo F Castillo; Karen Castillo; Sonia Castillo-Lluva; Francesca Castoldi; Marco Castori; Ariel F Castro; Margarida Castro-Caldas; Javier Castro-Hernandez; Susana Castro-Obregon; Sergio D Catz; Claudia Cavadas; Federica Cavaliere; Gabriella Cavallini; Maria Cavinato; Maria L Cayuela; Paula Cebollada Rica; Valentina Cecarini; Francesco Cecconi; Marzanna Cechowska-Pasko; Simone Cenci; Victòria Ceperuelo-Mallafré; João J Cerqueira; Janete M Cerutti; Davide Cervia; Vildan Bozok Cetintas; Silvia Cetrullo; Han-Jung Chae; Andrei S Chagin; Chee-Yin Chai; Gopal Chakrabarti; Oishee Chakrabarti; Tapas Chakraborty; Trinad Chakraborty; Mounia Chami; Georgios Chamilos; David W Chan; Edmond Y W Chan; Edward D Chan; H Y Edwin Chan; Helen H Chan; Hung Chan; Matthew T V Chan; Yau Sang Chan; Partha K Chandra; Chih-Peng Chang; Chunmei Chang; Hao-Chun Chang; Kai Chang; Jie Chao; Tracey Chapman; Nicolas Charlet-Berguerand; Samrat Chatterjee; Shail K Chaube; Anu Chaudhary; Santosh Chauhan; Edward Chaum; Frédéric Checler; Michael E Cheetham; Chang-Shi Chen; Guang-Chao Chen; Jian-Fu Chen; Liam L Chen; Leilei Chen; Lin Chen; Mingliang Chen; Mu-Kuan Chen; Ning Chen; Quan Chen; Ruey-Hwa Chen; Shi Chen; Wei Chen; Weiqiang Chen; Xin-Ming Chen; Xiong-Wen Chen; Xu Chen; Yan Chen; Ye-Guang Chen; Yingyu Chen; Yongqiang Chen; Yu-Jen Chen; Yue-Qin Chen; Zhefan Stephen Chen; Zhi Chen; Zhi-Hua Chen; Zhijian J Chen; Zhixiang Chen; Hanhua Cheng; Jun Cheng; Shi-Yuan Cheng; Wei Cheng; Xiaodong Cheng; Xiu-Tang Cheng; Yiyun Cheng; Zhiyong Cheng; Zhong Chen; Heesun Cheong; Jit Kong Cheong; Boris V Chernyak; Sara Cherry; Chi Fai Randy Cheung; Chun Hei Antonio Cheung; King-Ho Cheung; Eric Chevet; Richard J Chi; Alan Kwok Shing Chiang; Ferdinando Chiaradonna; Roberto Chiarelli; Mario Chiariello; Nathalia Chica; Susanna Chiocca; Mario Chiong; Shih-Hwa Chiou; Abhilash I Chiramel; Valerio Chiurchiù; Dong-Hyung Cho; Seong-Kyu Choe; Augustine M K Choi; Mary E Choi; Kamalika Roy Choudhury; Norman S Chow; Charleen T Chu; Jason P Chua; John Jia En Chua; Hyewon Chung; Kin Pan Chung; Seockhoon Chung; So-Hyang Chung; Yuen-Li Chung; Valentina Cianfanelli; Iwona A Ciechomska; Mariana Cifuentes; Laura Cinque; Sebahattin Cirak; Mara Cirone; Michael J Clague; Robert Clarke; Emilio Clementi; Eliana M Coccia; Patrice Codogno; Ehud Cohen; Mickael M Cohen; Tania Colasanti; Fiorella Colasuonno; Robert A Colbert; Anna Colell; Miodrag Čolić; Nuria S Coll; Mark O Collins; María I Colombo; Daniel A Colón-Ramos; Lydie Combaret; Sergio Comincini; Márcia R Cominetti; Antonella Consiglio; Andrea Conte; Fabrizio Conti; Viorica Raluca Contu; Mark R Cookson; Kevin M Coombs; Isabelle Coppens; Maria Tiziana Corasaniti; Dale P Corkery; Nils Cordes; Katia Cortese; Maria do Carmo Costa; Sarah Costantino; Paola Costelli; Ana Coto-Montes; Peter J Crack; Jose L Crespo; Alfredo Criollo; Valeria Crippa; Riccardo Cristofani; Tamas Csizmadia; Antonio Cuadrado; Bing Cui; Jun Cui; Yixian Cui; Yong Cui; Emmanuel Culetto; Andrea C Cumino; Andrey V Cybulsky; Mark J Czaja; Stanislaw J Czuczwar; Stefania D'Adamo; Marcello D'Amelio; Daniela D'Arcangelo; Andrew C D'Lugos; Gabriella D'Orazi; James A da Silva; Hormos Salimi Dafsari; Ruben K Dagda; Yasin Dagdas; Maria Daglia; Xiaoxia Dai; Yun Dai; Yuyuan Dai; Jessica Dal Col; Paul Dalhaimer; Luisa Dalla Valle; Tobias Dallenga; Guillaume Dalmasso; Markus Damme; Ilaria Dando; Nico P Dantuma; April L Darling; Hiranmoy Das; Srinivasan Dasarathy; Santosh K Dasari; Srikanta Dash; Oliver Daumke; Adrian N Dauphinee; Jeffrey S Davies; Valeria A Dávila; Roger J Davis; Tanja Davis; Sharadha Dayalan Naidu; Francesca De Amicis; Karolien De Bosscher; Francesca De Felice; Lucia De Franceschi; Chiara De Leonibus; Mayara G de Mattos Barbosa; Guido R Y De Meyer; Angelo De Milito; Cosimo De Nunzio; Clara De Palma; Mauro De Santi; Claudio De Virgilio; Daniela De Zio; Jayanta Debnath; Brian J DeBosch; Jean-Paul Decuypere; Mark A Deehan; Gianluca Deflorian; James DeGregori; Benjamin Dehay; Gabriel Del Rio; Joe R Delaney; Lea M D Delbridge; Elizabeth Delorme-Axford; M Victoria Delpino; Francesca Demarchi; Vilma Dembitz; Nicholas D Demers; Hongbin Deng; Zhiqiang Deng; Joern Dengjel; Paul Dent; Donna Denton; Melvin L DePamphilis; Channing J Der; Vojo Deretic; Albert Descoteaux; Laura Devis; Sushil Devkota; Olivier Devuyst; Grant Dewson; Mahendiran Dharmasivam; Rohan Dhiman; Diego di Bernardo; Manlio Di Cristina; Fabio Di Domenico; Pietro Di Fazio; Alessio Di Fonzo; Giovanni Di Guardo; Gianni M Di Guglielmo; Luca Di Leo; Chiara Di Malta; Alessia Di Nardo; Martina Di Rienzo; Federica Di Sano; George Diallinas; Jiajie Diao; Guillermo Diaz-Araya; Inés Díaz-Laviada; Jared M Dickinson; Marc Diederich; Mélanie Dieudé; Ivan Dikic; Shiping Ding; Wen-Xing Ding; Luciana Dini; Jelena Dinić; Miroslav Dinic; Albena T Dinkova-Kostova; Marc S Dionne; Jörg H W Distler; Abhinav Diwan; Ian M C Dixon; Mojgan Djavaheri-Mergny; Ina Dobrinski; Oxana Dobrovinskaya; Radek Dobrowolski; Renwick C J Dobson; Jelena Đokić; Serap Dokmeci Emre; Massimo Donadelli; Bo Dong; Xiaonan Dong; Zhiwu Dong; Gerald W Dorn Ii; Volker Dotsch; Huan Dou; Juan Dou; Moataz Dowaidar; Sami Dridi; Liat Drucker; Ailian Du; Caigan Du; Guangwei Du; Hai-Ning Du; Li-Lin Du; André du Toit; Shao-Bin Duan; Xiaoqiong Duan; Sónia P Duarte; Anna Dubrovska; Elaine A Dunlop; Nicolas Dupont; Raúl V Durán; Bilikere S Dwarakanath; Sergey A Dyshlovoy; Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari; Leopold Eckhart; Charles L Edelstein; Thomas Efferth; Eftekhar Eftekharpour; Ludwig Eichinger; Nabil Eid; Tobias Eisenberg; N Tony Eissa; Sanaa Eissa; Miriam Ejarque; Abdeljabar El Andaloussi; Nazira El-Hage; Shahenda El-Naggar; Anna Maria Eleuteri; Eman S El-Shafey; Mohamed Elgendy; Aristides G Eliopoulos; María M Elizalde; Philip M Elks; Hans-Peter Elsasser; Eslam S Elsherbiny; Brooke M Emerling; N C Tolga Emre; Christina H Eng; Nikolai Engedal; Anna-Mart Engelbrecht; Agnete S T Engelsen; Jorrit M Enserink; Ricardo Escalante; Audrey Esclatine; Mafalda Escobar-Henriques; Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen; Lucile Espert; Makandjou-Ola Eusebio; Gemma Fabrias; Cinzia Fabrizi; Antonio Facchiano; Francesco Facchiano; Bengt Fadeel; Claudio Fader; Alex C Faesen; W Douglas Fairlie; Alberto Falcó; Bjorn H Falkenburger; Daping Fan; Jie Fan; Yanbo Fan; Evandro F Fang; Yanshan Fang; Yognqi Fang; Manolis Fanto; Tamar Farfel-Becker; Mathias Faure; Gholamreza Fazeli; Anthony O Fedele; Arthur M Feldman; Du Feng; Jiachun Feng; Lifeng Feng; Yibin Feng; Yuchen Feng; Wei Feng; Thais Fenz Araujo; Thomas A Ferguson; Álvaro F Fernández; Jose C Fernandez-Checa; Sonia Fernández-Veledo; Alisdair R Fernie; Anthony W Ferrante; Alessandra Ferraresi; Merari F Ferrari; Julio C B Ferreira; Susan Ferro-Novick; Antonio Figueras; Riccardo Filadi; Nicoletta Filigheddu; Eduardo Filippi-Chiela; Giuseppe Filomeni; Gian Maria Fimia; Vittorio Fineschi; Francesca Finetti; Steven Finkbeiner; Edward A Fisher; Paul B Fisher; Flavio Flamigni; Steven J Fliesler; Trude H Flo; Ida Florance; Oliver Florey; Tullio Florio; Erika Fodor; Carlo Follo; Edward A Fon; Antonella Forlino; Francesco Fornai; Paola Fortini; Anna Fracassi; Alessandro Fraldi; Brunella Franco; Rodrigo Franco; Flavia Franconi; Lisa B Frankel; Scott L Friedman; Leopold F Fröhlich; Gema Frühbeck; Jose M Fuentes; Yukio Fujiki; Naonobu Fujita; Yuuki Fujiwara; Mitsunori Fukuda; Simone Fulda; Luc Furic; Norihiko Furuya; Carmela Fusco; Michaela U Gack; Lidia Gaffke; Sehamuddin Galadari; Alessia Galasso; Maria F Galindo; Sachith Gallolu Kankanamalage; Lorenzo Galluzzi; Vincent Galy; Noor Gammoh; Boyi Gan; Ian G Ganley; Feng Gao; Hui Gao; Minghui Gao; Ping Gao; Shou-Jiang Gao; Wentao Gao; Xiaobo Gao; Ana Garcera; Maria Noé Garcia; Verónica E Garcia; Francisco García-Del Portillo; Vega Garcia-Escudero; Aracely Garcia-Garcia; Marina Garcia-Macia; Diana García-Moreno; Carmen Garcia-Ruiz; Patricia García-Sanz; Abhishek D Garg; Ricardo Gargini; Tina Garofalo; Robert F Garry; Nils C Gassen; Damian Gatica; Liang Ge; Wanzhong Ge; Ruth Geiss-Friedlander; Cecilia Gelfi; Pascal Genschik; Ian E Gentle; Valeria Gerbino; Christoph Gerhardt; Kyla Germain; Marc Germain; David A Gewirtz; Elham Ghasemipour Afshar; Saeid Ghavami; Alessandra Ghigo; Manosij Ghosh; Georgios Giamas; Claudia Giampietri; Alexandra Giatromanolaki; Gary E Gibson; Spencer B Gibson; Vanessa Ginet; Edward Giniger; Carlotta Giorgi; Henrique Girao; Stephen E Girardin; Mridhula Giridharan; Sandy Giuliano; Cecilia Giulivi; Sylvie Giuriato; Julien Giustiniani; Alexander Gluschko; Veit Goder; Alexander Goginashvili; Jakub Golab; David C Goldstone; Anna Golebiewska; Luciana R Gomes; Rodrigo Gomez; Rubén Gómez-Sánchez; Maria Catalina Gomez-Puerto; Raquel Gomez-Sintes; Qingqiu Gong; Felix M Goni; Javier González-Gallego; Tomas Gonzalez-Hernandez; Rosa A Gonzalez-Polo; Jose A Gonzalez-Reyes; Patricia González-Rodríguez; Ing Swie Goping; Marina S Gorbatyuk; Nikolai V Gorbunov; Kıvanç Görgülü; Roxana M Gorojod; Sharon M Gorski; Sandro Goruppi; Cecilia Gotor; Roberta A Gottlieb; Illana Gozes; Devrim Gozuacik; Martin Graef; Markus H Gräler; Veronica Granatiero; Daniel Grasso; Joshua P Gray; Douglas R Green; Alexander Greenhough; Stephen L Gregory; Edward F Griffin; Mark W Grinstaff; Frederic Gros; Charles Grose; Angelina S Gross; Florian Gruber; Paolo Grumati; Tilman Grune; Xueyan Gu; Jun-Lin Guan; Carlos M Guardia; Kishore Guda; Flora Guerra; Consuelo Guerri; Prasun Guha; Carlos Guillén; Shashi Gujar; Anna Gukovskaya; Ilya Gukovsky; Jan Gunst; Andreas Günther; Anyonya R Guntur; Chuanyong Guo; Chun Guo; Hongqing Guo; Lian-Wang Guo; Ming Guo; Pawan Gupta; Shashi Kumar Gupta; Swapnil Gupta; Veer Bala Gupta; Vivek Gupta; Asa B Gustafsson; David D Gutterman; Ranjitha H B; Annakaisa Haapasalo; James E Haber; Aleksandra Hać; Shinji Hadano; Anders J Hafrén; Mansour Haidar; Belinda S Hall; Gunnel Halldén; Anne Hamacher-Brady; Andrea Hamann; Maho Hamasaki; Weidong Han; Malene Hansen; Phyllis I Hanson; Zijian Hao; Masaru Harada; Ljubica Harhaji-Trajkovic; Nirmala Hariharan; Nigil Haroon; James Harris; Takafumi Hasegawa; Noor Hasima Nagoor; Jeffrey A Haspel; Volker Haucke; Wayne D Hawkins; Bruce A Hay; Cole M Haynes; Soren B Hayrabedyan; Thomas S Hays; Congcong He; Qin He; Rong-Rong He; You-Wen He; Yu-Ying He; Yasser Heakal; Alexander M Heberle; J Fielding Hejtmancik; Gudmundur Vignir Helgason; Vanessa Henkel; Marc Herb; Alexander Hergovich; Anna Herman-Antosiewicz; Agustín Hernández; Carlos Hernandez; Sergio Hernandez-Diaz; Virginia Hernandez-Gea; Amaury Herpin; Judit Herreros; Javier H Hervás; Daniel Hesselson; Claudio Hetz; Volker T Heussler; Yujiro Higuchi; Sabine Hilfiker; Joseph A Hill; William S Hlavacek; Emmanuel A Ho; Idy H T Ho; Philip Wing-Lok Ho; Shu-Leong Ho; Wan Yun Ho; G Aaron Hobbs; Mark Hochstrasser; Peter H M Hoet; Daniel Hofius; Paul Hofman; Annika Höhn; Carina I Holmberg; Jose R Hombrebueno; Chang-Won Hong Yi-Ren Hong; Lora V Hooper; Thorsten Hoppe; Rastislav Horos; Yujin Hoshida; I-Lun Hsin; Hsin-Yun Hsu; Bing Hu; Dong Hu; Li-Fang Hu; Ming Chang Hu; Ronggui Hu; Wei Hu; Yu-Chen Hu; Zhuo-Wei Hu; Fang Hua; Jinlian Hua; Yingqi Hua; Chongmin Huan; Canhua Huang; Chuanshu Huang; Chuanxin Huang; Chunling Huang; Haishan Huang; Kun Huang; Michael L H Huang; Rui Huang; Shan Huang; Tianzhi Huang; Xing Huang; Yuxiang Jack Huang; Tobias B Huber; Virginie Hubert; Christian A Hubner; Stephanie M Hughes; William E Hughes; Magali Humbert; Gerhard Hummer; James H Hurley; Sabah Hussain; Salik Hussain; Patrick J Hussey; Martina Hutabarat; Hui-Yun Hwang; Seungmin Hwang; Antonio Ieni; Fumiyo Ikeda; Yusuke Imagawa; Yuzuru Imai; Carol Imbriano; Masaya Imoto; Denise M Inman; Ken Inoki; Juan Iovanna; Renato V Iozzo; Giuseppe Ippolito; Javier E Irazoqui; Pablo Iribarren; Mohd Ishaq; Makoto Ishikawa; Nestor Ishimwe; Ciro Isidoro; Nahed Ismail; Shohreh Issazadeh-Navikas; Eisuke Itakura; Daisuke Ito; Davor Ivankovic; Saška Ivanova; Anand Krishnan V Iyer; José M Izquierdo; Masanori Izumi; Marja Jäättelä; Majid Sakhi Jabir; William T Jackson; Nadia Jacobo-Herrera; Anne-Claire Jacomin; Elise Jacquin; Pooja Jadiya; Hartmut Jaeschke; Chinnaswamy Jagannath; Arjen J Jakobi; Johan Jakobsson; Bassam Janji; Pidder Jansen-Dürr; Patric J Jansson; Jonathan Jantsch; Sławomir Januszewski; Alagie Jassey; Steve Jean; Hélène Jeltsch-David; Pavla Jendelova; Andreas Jenny; Thomas E Jensen; Niels Jessen; Jenna L Jewell; Jing Ji; Lijun Jia; Rui Jia; Liwen Jiang; Qing Jiang; Richeng Jiang; Teng Jiang; Xuejun Jiang; Yu Jiang; Maria Jimenez-Sanchez; Eun-Jung Jin; Fengyan Jin; Hongchuan Jin; Li Jin; Luqi Jin; Meiyan Jin; Si Jin; Eun-Kyeong Jo; Carine Joffre; Terje Johansen; Gail V W Johnson; Simon A Johnston; Eija Jokitalo; Mohit Kumar Jolly; Leo A B Joosten; Joaquin Jordan; Bertrand Joseph; Dianwen Ju; Jeong-Sun Ju; Jingfang Ju; Esmeralda Juárez; Delphine Judith; Gábor Juhász; Youngsoo Jun; Chang Hwa Jung; Sung-Chul Jung; Yong Keun Jung; Heinz Jungbluth; Johannes Jungverdorben; Steffen Just; Kai Kaarniranta; Allen Kaasik; Tomohiro Kabuta; Daniel Kaganovich; Alon Kahana; Renate Kain; Shinjo Kajimura; Maria Kalamvoki; Manjula Kalia; Danuta S Kalinowski; Nina Kaludercic; Ioanna Kalvari; Joanna Kaminska; Vitaliy O Kaminskyy; Hiromitsu Kanamori; Keizo Kanasaki; Chanhee Kang; Rui Kang; Sang Sun Kang; Senthilvelrajan Kaniyappan; Tomotake Kanki; Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti; Anumantha G Kanthasamy; Arthi Kanthasamy; Marc Kantorow; Orsolya Kapuy; Michalis V Karamouzis; Md Razaul Karim; Parimal Karmakar; Rajesh G Katare; Masaru Kato; Stefan H E Kaufmann; Anu Kauppinen; Gur P Kaushal; Susmita Kaushik; Kiyoshi Kawasaki; Kemal Kazan; Po-Yuan Ke; Damien J Keating; Ursula Keber; John H Kehrl; Kate E Keller; Christian W Keller; Jongsook Kim Kemper; Candia M Kenific; Oliver Kepp; Stephanie Kermorgant; Andreas Kern; Robin Ketteler; Tom G Keulers; Boris Khalfin; Hany Khalil; Bilon Khambu; Shahid Y Khan; Vinoth Kumar Megraj Khandelwal; Rekha Khandia; Widuri Kho; Noopur V Khobrekar; Sataree Khuansuwan; Mukhran Khundadze; Samuel A Killackey; Dasol Kim; Deok Ryong Kim; Do-Hyung Kim; Dong-Eun Kim; Eun Young Kim; Eun-Kyoung Kim; Hak-Rim Kim; Hee-Sik Kim; Jeong Hun Kim; Jin Kyung Kim; Jin-Hoi Kim; Joungmok Kim; Ju Hwan Kim; Keun Il Kim; Peter K Kim; Seong-Jun Kim; Scot R Kimball; Adi Kimchi; Alec C Kimmelman; Tomonori Kimura; Matthew A King; Kerri J Kinghorn; Conan G Kinsey; Vladimir Kirkin; Lorrie A Kirshenbaum; Sergey L Kiselev; Shuji Kishi; Katsuhiko Kitamoto; Yasushi Kitaoka; Kaio Kitazato; Richard N Kitsis; Josef T Kittler; Ole Kjaerulff; Peter S Klein; Thomas Klopstock; Jochen Klucken; Helene Knævelsrud; Roland L Knorr; Ben C B Ko; Fred Ko; Jiunn-Liang Ko; Hotaka Kobayashi; Satoru Kobayashi; Ina Koch; Jan C Koch; Ulrich Koenig; Donat Kögel; Young Ho Koh; Masato Koike; Sepp D Kohlwein; Nur M Kocaturk; Masaaki Komatsu; Jeannette König; Toru Kono; Benjamin T Kopp; Tamas Korcsmaros; Gözde Korkmaz; Viktor I Korolchuk; Mónica Suárez Korsnes; Ali Koskela; Janaiah Kota; Yaichiro Kotake; Monica L Kotler; Yanjun Kou; Michael I Koukourakis; Evangelos Koustas; Attila L Kovacs; Tibor Kovács; Daisuke Koya; Tomohiro Kozako; Claudine Kraft; Dimitri Krainc; Helmut Krämer; Anna D Krasnodembskaya; Carole Kretz-Remy; Guido Kroemer; Nicholas T Ktistakis; Kazuyuki Kuchitsu; Sabine Kuenen; Lars Kuerschner; Thomas Kukar; Ajay Kumar; Ashok Kumar; Deepak Kumar; Dhiraj Kumar; Sharad Kumar; Shinji Kume; Caroline Kumsta; Chanakya N Kundu; Mondira Kundu; Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara; Lukasz Kurgan; Tatiana G Kutateladze; Ozlem Kutlu; SeongAe Kwak; Ho Jeong Kwon; Taeg Kyu Kwon; Yong Tae Kwon; Irene Kyrmizi; Albert La Spada; Patrick Labonté; Sylvain Ladoire; Ilaria Laface; Frank Lafont; Diane C Lagace; Vikramjit Lahiri; Zhibing Lai; Angela S Laird; Aparna Lakkaraju; Trond Lamark; Sheng-Hui Lan; Ane Landajuela; Darius J R Lane; Jon D Lane; Charles H Lang; Carsten Lange; Ülo Langel; Rupert Langer; Pierre Lapaquette; Jocelyn Laporte; Nicholas F LaRusso; Isabel Lastres-Becker; Wilson Chun Yu Lau; Gordon W Laurie; Sergio Lavandero; Betty Yuen Kwan Law; Helen Ka-Wai Law; Rob Layfield; Weidong Le; Herve Le Stunff; Alexandre Y Leary; Jean-Jacques Lebrun; Lionel Y W Leck; Jean-Philippe Leduc-Gaudet; Changwook Lee; Chung-Pei Lee; Da-Hye Lee; Edward B Lee; Erinna F Lee; Gyun Min Lee; He-Jin Lee; Heung Kyu Lee; Jae Man Lee; Jason S Lee; Jin-A Lee; Joo-Yong Lee; Jun Hee Lee; Michael Lee; Min Goo Lee; Min Jae Lee; Myung-Shik Lee; Sang Yoon Lee; Seung-Jae Lee; Stella Y Lee; Sung Bae Lee; Won Hee Lee; Ying-Ray Lee; Yong-Ho Lee; Youngil Lee; Christophe Lefebvre; Renaud Legouis; Yu L Lei; Yuchen Lei; Sergey Leikin; Gerd Leitinger; Leticia Lemus; Shuilong Leng; Olivia Lenoir; Guido Lenz; Heinz Josef Lenz; Paola Lenzi; Yolanda León; Andréia M Leopoldino; Christoph Leschczyk; Stina Leskelä; Elisabeth Letellier; Chi-Ting Leung; Po Sing Leung; Jeremy S Leventhal; Beth Levine; Patrick A Lewis; Klaus Ley; Bin Li; Da-Qiang Li; Jianming Li; Jing Li; Jiong Li; Ke Li; Liwu Li; Mei Li; Min Li; Min Li; Ming Li; Mingchuan Li; Pin-Lan Li; Ming-Qing Li; Qing Li; Sheng Li; Tiangang Li; Wei Li; Wenming Li; Xue Li; Yi-Ping Li; Yuan Li; Zhiqiang Li; Zhiyong Li; Zhiyuan Li; Jiqin Lian; Chengyu Liang; Qiangrong Liang; Weicheng Liang; Yongheng Liang; YongTian Liang; Guanghong Liao; Lujian Liao; Mingzhi Liao; Yung-Feng Liao; Mariangela Librizzi; Pearl P Y Lie; Mary A Lilly; Hyunjung J Lim; Thania R R Lima; Federica Limana; Chao Lin; Chih-Wen Lin; Dar-Shong Lin; Fu-Cheng Lin; Jiandie D Lin; Kurt M Lin; Kwang-Huei Lin; Liang-Tzung Lin; Pei-Hui Lin; Qiong Lin; Shaofeng Lin; Su-Ju Lin; Wenyu Lin; Xueying Lin; Yao-Xin Lin; Yee-Shin Lin; Rafael Linden; Paula Lindner; Shuo-Chien Ling; Paul Lingor; Amelia K Linnemann; Yih-Cherng Liou; Marta M Lipinski; Saška Lipovšek; Vitor A Lira; Natalia Lisiak; Paloma B Liton; Chao Liu; Ching-Hsuan Liu; Chun-Feng Liu; Cui Hua Liu; Fang Liu; Hao Liu; Hsiao-Sheng Liu; Hua-Feng Liu; Huifang Liu; Jia Liu; Jing Liu; Julia Liu; Leyuan Liu; Longhua Liu; Meilian Liu; Qin Liu; Wei Liu; Wende Liu; Xiao-Hong Liu; Xiaodong Liu; Xingguo Liu; Xu Liu; Xuedong Liu; Yanfen Liu; Yang Liu; Yang Liu; Yueyang Liu; Yule Liu; J Andrew Livingston; Gerard Lizard; Jose M Lizcano; Senka Ljubojevic-Holzer; Matilde E LLeonart; David Llobet-Navàs; Alicia Llorente; Chih Hung Lo; Damián Lobato-Márquez; Qi Long; Yun Chau Long; Ben Loos; Julia A Loos; Manuela G López; Guillermo López-Doménech; José Antonio López-Guerrero; Ana T López-Jiménez; Óscar López-Pérez; Israel López-Valero; Magdalena J Lorenowicz; Mar Lorente; Peter Lorincz; Laura Lossi; Sophie Lotersztajn; Penny E Lovat; Jonathan F Lovell; Alenka Lovy; Péter Lőw; Guang Lu; Haocheng Lu; Jia-Hong Lu; Jin-Jian Lu; Mengji Lu; Shuyan Lu; Alessandro Luciani; John M Lucocq; Paula Ludovico; Micah A Luftig; Morten Luhr; Diego Luis-Ravelo; Julian J Lum; Liany Luna-Dulcey; Anders H Lund; Viktor K Lund; Jan D Lünemann; Patrick Lüningschrör; Honglin Luo; Rongcan Luo; Shouqing Luo; Zhi Luo; Claudio Luparello; Bernhard Lüscher; Luan Luu; Alex Lyakhovich; Konstantin G Lyamzaev; Alf Håkon Lystad; Lyubomyr Lytvynchuk; Alvin C Ma; Changle Ma; Mengxiao Ma; Ning-Fang Ma; Quan-Hong Ma; Xinliang Ma; Yueyun Ma; Zhenyi Ma; Ormond A MacDougald; Fernando Macian; Gustavo C MacIntosh; Jeffrey P MacKeigan; Kay F Macleod; Sandra Maday; Frank Madeo; Muniswamy Madesh; Tobias Madl; Julio Madrigal-Matute; Akiko Maeda; Yasuhiro Maejima; Marta Magarinos; Poornima Mahavadi; Emiliano Maiani; Kenneth Maiese; Panchanan Maiti; Maria Chiara Maiuri; Barbara Majello; Michael B Major; Elena Makareeva; Fayaz Malik; Karthik Mallilankaraman; Walter Malorni; Alina Maloyan; Najiba Mammadova; Gene Chi Wai Man; Federico Manai; Joseph D Mancias; Eva-Maria Mandelkow; Michael A Mandell; Angelo A Manfredi; Masoud H Manjili; Ravi Manjithaya; Patricio Manque; Bella B Manshian; Raquel Manzano; Claudia Manzoni; Kai Mao; Cinzia Marchese; Sandrine Marchetti; Anna Maria Marconi; Fabrizio Marcucci; Stefania Mardente; Olga A Mareninova; Marta Margeta; Muriel Mari; Sara Marinelli; Oliviero Marinelli; Guillermo Mariño; Sofia Mariotto; Richard S Marshall; Mark R Marten; Sascha Martens; Alexandre P J Martin; Katie R Martin; Sara Martin; Shaun Martin; Adrián Martín-Segura; Miguel A Martín-Acebes; Inmaculada Martin-Burriel; Marcos Martin-Rincon; Paloma Martin-Sanz; José A Martina; Wim Martinet; Aitor Martinez; Ana Martinez; Jennifer Martinez; Moises Martinez Velazquez; Nuria Martinez-Lopez; Marta Martinez-Vicente; Daniel O Martins; Joilson O Martins; Waleska K Martins; Tania Martins-Marques; Emanuele Marzetti; Shashank Masaldan; Celine Masclaux-Daubresse; Douglas G Mashek; Valentina Massa; Lourdes Massieu; Glenn R Masson; Laura Masuelli; Anatoliy I Masyuk; Tetyana V Masyuk; Paola Matarrese; Ander Matheu; Satoaki Matoba; Sachiko Matsuzaki; Pamela Mattar; Alessandro Matte; Domenico Mattoscio; José L Mauriz; Mario Mauthe; Caroline Mauvezin; Emanual Maverakis; Paola Maycotte; Johanna Mayer; Gianluigi Mazzoccoli; Cristina Mazzoni; Joseph R Mazzulli; Nami McCarty; Christine McDonald; Mitchell R McGill; Sharon L McKenna; BethAnn McLaughlin; Fionn McLoughlin; Mark A McNiven; Thomas G McWilliams; Fatima Mechta-Grigoriou; Tania Catarina Medeiros; Diego L Medina; Lynn A Megeney; Klara Megyeri; Maryam Mehrpour; Jawahar L Mehta; Alfred J Meijer; Annemarie H Meijer; Jakob Mejlvang; Alicia Meléndez; Annette Melk; Gonen Memisoglu; Alexandrina F Mendes; Delong Meng; Fei Meng; Tian Meng; Rubem Menna-Barreto; Manoj B Menon; Carol Mercer; Anne E Mercier; Jean-Louis Mergny; Adalberto Merighi; Seth D Merkley; Giuseppe Merla; Volker Meske; Ana Cecilia Mestre; Shree Padma Metur; Christian Meyer; Hemmo Meyer; Wenyi Mi; Jeanne Mialet-Perez; Junying Miao; Lucia Micale; Yasuo Miki; Enrico Milan; Małgorzata Milczarek; Dana L Miller; Samuel I Miller; Silke Miller; Steven W Millward; Ira Milosevic; Elena A Minina; Hamed Mirzaei; Hamid Reza Mirzaei; Mehdi Mirzaei; Amit Mishra; Nandita Mishra; Paras Kumar Mishra; Maja Misirkic Marjanovic; Roberta Misasi; Amit Misra; Gabriella Misso; Claire Mitchell; Geraldine Mitou; Tetsuji Miura; Shigeki Miyamoto; Makoto Miyazaki; Mitsunori Miyazaki; Taiga Miyazaki; Keisuke Miyazawa; Noboru Mizushima; Trine H Mogensen; Baharia Mograbi; Reza Mohammadinejad; Yasir Mohamud; Abhishek Mohanty; Sipra Mohapatra; Torsten Möhlmann; Asif Mohmmed; Anna Moles; Kelle H Moley; Maurizio Molinari; Vincenzo Mollace; Andreas Buch Møller; Bertrand Mollereau; Faustino Mollinedo; Costanza Montagna; Mervyn J Monteiro; Andrea Montella; L Ruth Montes; Barbara Montico; Vinod K Mony; Giacomo Monzio Compagnoni; Michael N Moore; Mohammad A Moosavi; Ana L Mora; Marina Mora; David Morales-Alamo; Rosario Moratalla; Paula I Moreira; Elena Morelli; Sandra Moreno; Daniel Moreno-Blas; Viviana Moresi; Benjamin Morga; Alwena H Morgan; Fabrice Morin; Hideaki Morishita; Orson L Moritz; Mariko Moriyama; Yuji Moriyasu; Manuela Morleo; Eugenia Morselli; Jose F Moruno-Manchon; Jorge Moscat; Serge Mostowy; Elisa Motori; Andrea Felinto Moura; Naima Moustaid-Moussa; Maria Mrakovcic; Gabriel Muciño-Hernández; Anupam Mukherjee; Subhadip Mukhopadhyay; Jean M Mulcahy Levy; Victoriano Mulero; Sylviane Muller; Christian Münch; Ashok Munjal; Pura Munoz-Canoves; Teresa Muñoz-Galdeano; Christian Münz; Tomokazu Murakawa; Claudia Muratori; Brona M Murphy; J Patrick Murphy; Aditya Murthy; Timo T Myöhänen; Indira U Mysorekar; Jennifer Mytych; Seyed Mohammad Nabavi; Massimo Nabissi; Péter Nagy; Jihoon Nah; Aimable Nahimana; Ichiro Nakagawa; Ken Nakamura; Hitoshi Nakatogawa; Shyam S Nandi; Meera Nanjundan; Monica Nanni; Gennaro Napolitano; Roberta Nardacci; Masashi Narita; Melissa Nassif; Ilana Nathan; Manabu Natsumeda; Ryno J Naude; Christin Naumann; Olaia Naveiras; Fatemeh Navid; Steffan T Nawrocki; Taras Y Nazarko; Francesca Nazio; Florentina Negoita; Thomas Neill; Amanda L Neisch; Luca M Neri; Mihai G Netea; Patrick Neubert; Thomas P Neufeld; Dietbert Neumann; Albert Neutzner; Phillip T Newton; Paul A Ney; Ioannis P Nezis; Charlene C W Ng; Tzi Bun Ng; Hang T T Nguyen; Long T Nguyen; Hong-Min Ni; Clíona Ní Cheallaigh; Zhenhong Ni; M Celeste Nicolao; Francesco Nicoli; Manuel Nieto-Diaz; Per Nilsson; Shunbin Ning; Rituraj Niranjan; Hiroshi Nishimune; Mireia Niso-Santano; Ralph A Nixon; Annalisa Nobili; Clevio Nobrega; Takeshi Noda; Uxía Nogueira-Recalde; Trevor M Nolan; Ivan Nombela; Ivana Novak; Beatriz Novoa; Takashi Nozawa; Nobuyuki Nukina; Carmen Nussbaum-Krammer; Jesper Nylandsted; Tracey R O'Donovan; Seónadh M O'Leary; Eyleen J O'Rourke; Mary P O'Sullivan; Timothy E O'Sullivan; Salvatore Oddo; Ina Oehme; Michinaga Ogawa; Eric Ogier-Denis; Margret H Ogmundsdottir; Besim Ogretmen; Goo Taeg Oh; Seon-Hee Oh; Young J Oh; Takashi Ohama; Yohei Ohashi; Masaki Ohmuraya; Vasileios Oikonomou; Rani Ojha; Koji Okamoto; Hitoshi Okazawa; Masahide Oku; Sara Oliván; Jorge M A Oliveira; Michael Ollmann; James A Olzmann; Shakib Omari; M Bishr Omary; Gizem Önal; Martin Ondrej; Sang-Bing Ong; Sang-Ging Ong; Anna Onnis; Juan A Orellana; Sara Orellana-Muñoz; Maria Del Mar Ortega-Villaizan; Xilma R Ortiz-Gonzalez; Elena Ortona; Heinz D Osiewacz; Abdel-Hamid K Osman; Rosario Osta; Marisa S Otegui; Kinya Otsu; Christiane Ott; Luisa Ottobrini; Jing-Hsiung James Ou; Tiago F Outeiro; Inger Oynebraten; Melek Ozturk; Gilles Pagès; Susanta Pahari; Marta Pajares; Utpal B Pajvani; Rituraj Pal; Simona Paladino; Nicolas Pallet; Michela Palmieri; Giuseppe Palmisano; Camilla Palumbo; Francesco Pampaloni; Lifeng Pan; Qingjun Pan; Wenliang Pan; Xin Pan; Ganna Panasyuk; Rahul Pandey; Udai B Pandey; Vrajesh Pandya; Francesco Paneni; Shirley Y Pang; Elisa Panzarini; Daniela L Papademetrio; Elena Papaleo; Daniel Papinski; Diana Papp; Eun Chan Park; Hwan Tae Park; Ji-Man Park; Jong-In Park; Joon Tae Park; Junsoo Park; Sang Chul Park; Sang-Youel Park; Abraham H Parola; Jan B Parys; Adrien Pasquier; Benoit Pasquier; João F Passos; Nunzia Pastore; Hemal H Patel; Daniel Patschan; Sophie Pattingre; Gustavo Pedraza-Alva; Jose Pedraza-Chaverri; Zully Pedrozo; Gang Pei; Jianming Pei; Hadas Peled-Zehavi; Joaquín M Pellegrini; Joffrey Pelletier; Miguel A Peñalva; Di Peng; Ying Peng; Fabio Penna; Maria Pennuto; Francesca Pentimalli; Cláudia Mf Pereira; Gustavo J S Pereira; Lilian C Pereira; Luis Pereira de Almeida; Nirma D Perera; Ángel Pérez-Lara; Ana B Perez-Oliva; María Esther Pérez-Pérez; Palsamy Periyasamy; Andras Perl; Cristiana Perrotta; Ida Perrotta; Richard G Pestell; Morten Petersen; Irina Petrache; Goran Petrovski; Thorsten Pfirrmann; Astrid S Pfister; Jennifer A Philips; Huifeng Pi; Anna Picca; Alicia M Pickrell; Sandy Picot; Giovanna M Pierantoni; Marina Pierdominici; Philippe Pierre; Valérie Pierrefite-Carle; Karolina Pierzynowska; Federico Pietrocola; Miroslawa Pietruczuk; Claudio Pignata; Felipe X Pimentel-Muiños; Mario Pinar; Roberta O Pinheiro; Ronit Pinkas-Kramarski; Paolo Pinton; Karolina Pircs; Sujan Piya; Paola Pizzo; Theo S Plantinga; Harald W Platta; Ainhoa Plaza-Zabala; Markus Plomann; Egor Y Plotnikov; Helene Plun-Favreau; Ryszard Pluta; Roger Pocock; Stefanie Pöggeler; Christian Pohl; Marc Poirot; Angelo Poletti; Marisa Ponpuak; Hana Popelka; Blagovesta Popova; Helena Porta; Soledad Porte Alcon; Eliana Portilla-Fernandez; Martin Post; Malia B Potts; Joanna Poulton; Ted Powers; Veena Prahlad; Tomasz K Prajsnar; Domenico Praticò; Rosaria Prencipe; Muriel Priault; Tassula Proikas-Cezanne; Vasilis J Promponas; Christopher G Proud; Rosa Puertollano; Luigi Puglielli; Thomas Pulinilkunnil; Deepika Puri; Rajat Puri; Julien Puyal; Xiaopeng Qi; Yongmei Qi; Wenbin Qian; Lei Qiang; Yu Qiu; Joe Quadrilatero; Jorge Quarleri; Nina Raben; Hannah Rabinowich; Debora Ragona; Michael J Ragusa; Nader Rahimi; Marveh Rahmati; Valeria Raia; Nuno Raimundo; Namakkal-Soorappan Rajasekaran; Sriganesh Ramachandra Rao; Abdelhaq Rami; Ignacio Ramírez-Pardo; David B Ramsden; Felix Randow; Pundi N Rangarajan; Danilo Ranieri; Hai Rao; Lang Rao; Rekha Rao; Sumit Rathore; J Arjuna Ratnayaka; Edward A Ratovitski; Palaniyandi Ravanan; Gloria Ravegnini; Swapan K Ray; Babak Razani; Vito Rebecca; Fulvio Reggiori; Anne Régnier-Vigouroux; Andreas S Reichert; David Reigada; Jan H Reiling; Theo Rein; Siegfried Reipert; Rokeya Sultana Rekha; Hongmei Ren; Jun Ren; Weichao Ren; Tristan Renault; Giorgia Renga; Karen Reue; Kim Rewitz; Bruna Ribeiro de Andrade Ramos; S Amer Riazuddin; Teresa M Ribeiro-Rodrigues; Jean-Ehrland Ricci; Romeo Ricci; Victoria Riccio; Des R Richardson; Yasuko Rikihisa; Makarand V Risbud; Ruth M Risueño; Konstantinos Ritis; Salvatore Rizza; Rosario Rizzuto; Helen C Roberts; Luke D Roberts; Katherine J Robinson; Maria Carmela Roccheri; Stephane Rocchi; George G Rodney; Tiago Rodrigues; Vagner Ramon Rodrigues Silva; Amaia Rodriguez; Ruth Rodriguez-Barrueco; Nieves Rodriguez-Henche; Humberto Rodriguez-Rocha; Jeroen Roelofs; Robert S Rogers; Vladimir V Rogov; Ana I Rojo; Krzysztof Rolka; Vanina Romanello; Luigina Romani; Alessandra Romano; Patricia S Romano; David Romeo-Guitart; Luis C Romero; Montserrat Romero; Joseph C Roney; Christopher Rongo; Sante Roperto; Mathias T Rosenfeldt; Philip Rosenstiel; Anne G Rosenwald; Kevin A Roth; Lynn Roth; Steven Roth; Kasper M A Rouschop; 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Alberto Sanz; Pascual Sanz; Shweta Saran; Marco Sardiello; Timothy J Sargeant; Apurva Sarin; Chinmoy Sarkar; Sovan Sarkar; Maria-Rosa Sarrias; Surajit Sarkar; Dipanka Tanu Sarmah; Jaakko Sarparanta; Aishwarya Sathyanarayan; Ranganayaki Sathyanarayanan; K Matthew Scaglione; Francesca Scatozza; Liliana Schaefer; Zachary T Schafer; Ulrich E Schaible; Anthony H V Schapira; Michael Scharl; Hermann M Schatzl; Catherine H Schein; Wiep Scheper; David Scheuring; Maria Vittoria Schiaffino; Monica Schiappacassi; Rainer Schindl; Uwe Schlattner; Oliver Schmidt; Roland Schmitt; Stephen D Schmidt; Ingo Schmitz; Eran Schmukler; Anja Schneider; Bianca E Schneider; Romana Schober; Alejandra C Schoijet; Micah B Schott; Michael Schramm; Bernd Schröder; Kai Schuh; Christoph Schüller; Ryan J Schulze; Lea Schürmanns; Jens C Schwamborn; Melanie Schwarten; Filippo Scialo; Sebastiano Sciarretta; Melanie J Scott; Kathleen W Scotto; A Ivana Scovassi; Andrea Scrima; Aurora Scrivo; David Sebastian; Salwa Sebti; Simon Sedej; 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Bruno J de Andrade Silva; Johnatas D Silva; Eduardo Silva-Pavez; Sandrine Silvente-Poirot; Rachel E Simmonds; Anna Katharina Simon; Hans-Uwe Simon; Matias Simons; Anurag Singh; Lalit P Singh; Rajat Singh; Shivendra V Singh; Shrawan K Singh; Sudha B Singh; Sunaina Singh; Surinder Pal Singh; Debasish Sinha; Rohit Anthony Sinha; Sangita Sinha; Agnieszka Sirko; Kapil Sirohi; Efthimios L Sivridis; Panagiotis Skendros; Aleksandra Skirycz; Iva Slaninová; Soraya S Smaili; Andrei Smertenko; Matthew D Smith; Stefaan J Soenen; Eun Jung Sohn; Sophia P M Sok; Giancarlo Solaini; Thierry Soldati; Scott A Soleimanpour; Rosa M Soler; Alexei Solovchenko; Jason A Somarelli; Avinash Sonawane; Fuyong Song; Hyun Kyu Song; Ju-Xian Song; Kunhua Song; Zhiyin Song; Leandro R Soria; Maurizio Sorice; Alexander A Soukas; Sandra-Fausia Soukup; Diana Sousa; Nadia Sousa; Paul A Spagnuolo; Stephen A Spector; M M Srinivas Bharath; Daret St Clair; Venturina Stagni; Leopoldo Staiano; Clint A Stalnecker; Metodi V Stankov; 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Motomasa Tanaka; Daolin Tang; Jingfeng Tang; Tie-Shan Tang; Isei Tanida; Zhipeng Tao; Mohammed Taouis; Lars Tatenhorst; Nektarios Tavernarakis; Allen Taylor; Gregory A Taylor; Joan M Taylor; Elena Tchetina; Andrew R Tee; Irmgard Tegeder; David Teis; Natercia Teixeira; Fatima Teixeira-Clerc; Kumsal A Tekirdag; Tewin Tencomnao; Sandra Tenreiro; Alexei V Tepikin; Pilar S Testillano; Gianluca Tettamanti; Pierre-Louis Tharaux; Kathrin Thedieck; Arvind A Thekkinghat; Stefano Thellung; Josephine W Thinwa; V P Thirumalaikumar; Sufi Mary Thomas; Paul G Thomes; Andrew Thorburn; Lipi Thukral; Thomas Thum; Michael Thumm; Ling Tian; Ales Tichy; Andreas Till; Vincent Timmerman; Vladimir I Titorenko; Sokol V Todi; Krassimira Todorova; Janne M Toivonen; Luana Tomaipitinca; Dhanendra Tomar; Cristina Tomas-Zapico; Sergej Tomić; Benjamin Chun-Kit Tong; Chao Tong; Xin Tong; Sharon A Tooze; Maria L Torgersen; Satoru Torii; Liliana Torres-López; Alicia Torriglia; Christina G Towers; Roberto Towns; Shinya Toyokuni; Vladimir Trajkovic; Donatella Tramontano; Quynh-Giao Tran; Leonardo H Travassos; Charles B Trelford; Shirley Tremel; Ioannis P Trougakos; Betty P Tsao; Mario P Tschan; Hung-Fat Tse; Tak Fu Tse; Hitoshi Tsugawa; Andrey S Tsvetkov; David A Tumbarello; Yasin Tumtas; María J Tuñón; Sandra Turcotte; Boris Turk; Vito Turk; Bradley J Turner; Richard I Tuxworth; Jessica K Tyler; Elena V Tyutereva; Yasuo Uchiyama; Aslihan Ugun-Klusek; Holm H Uhlig; Marzena Ułamek-Kozioł; Ilya V Ulasov; Midori Umekawa; Christian Ungermann; Rei Unno; Sylvie Urbe; Elisabet Uribe-Carretero; Suayib Üstün; Vladimir N Uversky; Thomas Vaccari; Maria I Vaccaro; Björn F Vahsen; Helin Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg; Rut Valdor; Maria J Valente; Ayelén Valko; Richard B Vallee; Angela M Valverde; Greet Van den Berghe; Stijn van der Veen; Luc Van Kaer; Jorg van Loosdregt; Sjoerd J L van Wijk; Wim Vandenberghe; Ilse Vanhorebeek; Marcos A Vannier-Santos; Nicola Vannini; M Cristina Vanrell; Chiara Vantaggiato; Gabriele Varano; Isabel Varela-Nieto; Máté Varga; M Helena Vasconcelos; Somya Vats; Demetrios G Vavvas; Ignacio Vega-Naredo; Silvia Vega-Rubin-de-Celis; Guillermo Velasco; Ariadna P Velázquez; Tibor Vellai; Edo Vellenga; Francesca Velotti; Mireille Verdier; Panayotis Verginis; Isabelle Vergne; Paul Verkade; Manish Verma; Patrik Verstreken; Tim Vervliet; Jörg Vervoorts; Alexandre T Vessoni; Victor M Victor; Michel Vidal; Chiara Vidoni; Otilia V Vieira; Richard D Vierstra; Sonia Viganó; Helena Vihinen; Vinoy Vijayan; Miquel Vila; Marçal Vilar; José M Villalba; Antonio Villalobo; Beatriz Villarejo-Zori; Francesc Villarroya; Joan Villarroya; Olivier Vincent; Cecile Vindis; Christophe Viret; Maria Teresa Viscomi; Dora Visnjic; Ilio Vitale; David J Vocadlo; Olga V Voitsekhovskaja; Cinzia Volonté; Mattia Volta; Marta Vomero; Clarissa Von Haefen; Marc A Vooijs; Wolfgang Voos; Ljubica Vucicevic; Richard Wade-Martins; Satoshi Waguri; Kenrick A Waite; Shuji Wakatsuki; David W Walker; Mark J Walker; Simon A Walker; Jochen Walter; Francisco G Wandosell; Bo Wang; Chao-Yung Wang; Chen Wang; Chenran Wang; Chenwei Wang; Cun-Yu Wang; Dong Wang; Fangyang Wang; Feng Wang; Fengming Wang; Guansong Wang; Han Wang; Hao Wang; Hexiang Wang; Hong-Gang Wang; Jianrong Wang; Jigang Wang; Jiou Wang; Jundong Wang; Kui Wang; Lianrong Wang; Liming Wang; Maggie Haitian Wang; Meiqing Wang; Nanbu Wang; Pengwei Wang; Peipei Wang; Ping Wang; Ping Wang; Qing Jun Wang; Qing Wang; Qing Kenneth Wang; Qiong A Wang; Wen-Tao Wang; Wuyang Wang; Xinnan Wang; Xuejun Wang; Yan Wang; Yanchang Wang; Yanzhuang Wang; Yen-Yun Wang; Yihua Wang; Yipeng Wang; Yu Wang; Yuqi Wang; Zhe Wang; Zhenyu Wang; Zhouguang Wang; Gary Warnes; Verena Warnsmann; Hirotaka Watada; Eizo Watanabe; Maxinne Watchon; Anna Wawrzyńska; Timothy E Weaver; Grzegorz Wegrzyn; Ann M Wehman; Huafeng Wei; Lei Wei; Taotao Wei; Yongjie Wei; Oliver H Weiergräber; Conrad C Weihl; Günther Weindl; Ralf Weiskirchen; Alan Wells; Runxia H Wen; Xin Wen; Antonia Werner; Beatrice Weykopf; Sally P Wheatley; J Lindsay Whitton; Alexander J Whitworth; Katarzyna Wiktorska; Manon E Wildenberg; Tom Wileman; Simon Wilkinson; Dieter Willbold; Brett Williams; Robin S B Williams; Roger L Williams; Peter R Williamson; Richard A Wilson; Beate Winner; Nathaniel J Winsor; Steven S Witkin; Harald Wodrich; Ute Woehlbier; Thomas Wollert; Esther Wong; Jack Ho Wong; Richard W Wong; Vincent Kam Wai Wong; W Wei-Lynn Wong; An-Guo Wu; Chengbiao Wu; Jian Wu; Junfang Wu; Kenneth K Wu; Min Wu; Shan-Ying Wu; Shengzhou Wu; Shu-Yan Wu; Shufang Wu; William K K Wu; Xiaohong Wu; Xiaoqing Wu; Yao-Wen Wu; Yihua Wu; Ramnik J Xavier; Hongguang Xia; Lixin Xia; Zhengyuan Xia; Ge Xiang; Jin Xiang; Mingliang Xiang; Wei Xiang; Bin Xiao; Guozhi Xiao; Hengyi Xiao; Hong-Tao Xiao; Jian Xiao; Lan Xiao; Shi Xiao; Yin Xiao; Baoming Xie; Chuan-Ming Xie; Min Xie; Yuxiang Xie; Zhiping Xie; Zhonglin Xie; Maria Xilouri; Congfeng Xu; En Xu; Haoxing Xu; Jing Xu; JinRong Xu; Liang Xu; Wen Wen Xu; Xiulong Xu; Yu Xue; Sokhna M S Yakhine-Diop; Masamitsu Yamaguchi; 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Vanessa O Zambelli; Isabella Zanella; Qun S Zang; Sara Zanivan; Silvia Zappavigna; Pilar Zaragoza; Konstantinos S Zarbalis; Amir Zarebkohan; Amira Zarrouk; Scott O Zeitlin; Jialiu Zeng; Ju-Deng Zeng; Eva Žerovnik; Lixuan Zhan; Bin Zhang; Donna D Zhang; Hanlin Zhang; Hong Zhang; Hong Zhang; Honghe Zhang; Huafeng Zhang; Huaye Zhang; Hui Zhang; Hui-Ling Zhang; Jianbin Zhang; Jianhua Zhang; Jing-Pu Zhang; Kalin Y B Zhang; Leshuai W Zhang; Lin Zhang; Lisheng Zhang; Lu Zhang; Luoying Zhang; Menghuan Zhang; Peng Zhang; Sheng Zhang; Wei Zhang; Xiangnan Zhang; Xiao-Wei Zhang; Xiaolei Zhang; Xiaoyan Zhang; Xin Zhang; Xinxin Zhang; Xu Dong Zhang; Yang Zhang; Yanjin Zhang; Yi Zhang; Ying-Dong Zhang; Yingmei Zhang; Yuan-Yuan Zhang; Yuchen Zhang; Zhe Zhang; Zhengguang Zhang; Zhibing Zhang; Zhihai Zhang; Zhiyong Zhang; Zili Zhang; Haobin Zhao; Lei Zhao; Shuang Zhao; Tongbiao Zhao; Xiao-Fan Zhao; Ying Zhao; Yongchao Zhao; Yongliang Zhao; Yuting Zhao; Guoping Zheng; Kai Zheng; Ling Zheng; Shizhong Zheng; Xi-Long Zheng; Yi Zheng; Zu-Guo Zheng; Boris Zhivotovsky; Qing Zhong; Ao Zhou; Ben Zhou; Cefan Zhou; Gang Zhou; Hao Zhou; Hong Zhou; Hongbo Zhou; Jie Zhou; Jing Zhou; Jing Zhou; Jiyong Zhou; Kailiang Zhou; Rongjia Zhou; Xu-Jie Zhou; Yanshuang Zhou; Yinghong Zhou; Yubin Zhou; Zheng-Yu Zhou; Zhou Zhou; Binglin Zhu; Changlian Zhu; Guo-Qing Zhu; Haining Zhu; Hongxin Zhu; Hua Zhu; Wei-Guo Zhu; Yanping Zhu; Yushan Zhu; Haixia Zhuang; Xiaohong Zhuang; Katarzyna Zientara-Rytter; Christine M Zimmermann; Elena Ziviani; Teresa Zoladek; Wei-Xing Zong; Dmitry B Zorov; Antonio Zorzano; Weiping Zou; Zhen Zou; Zhengzhi Zou; Steven Zuryn; Werner Zwerschke; Beate Brand-Saberi; X Charlie Dong; Chandra Shekar Kenchappa; Zuguo Li; Yong Lin; Shigeru Oshima; Yueguang Rong; Judith C Sluimer; Christina L Stallings; Chun-Kit Tong Journal: Autophagy Date: 2021-02-08 Impact factor: 13.391
Authors: Steven C Mitini-Nkhoma; Elizabeth T Chimbayo; David T Mzinza; David V Mhango; Aaron P Chirambo; Christine Mandalasi; Agness E Lakudzala; Dumizulu L Tembo; Kondwani C Jambo; Henry C Mwandumba Journal: Front Immunol Date: 2021-06-24 Impact factor: 7.561
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