BACKGROUND: The management of pulmonary nodules relies on cancer risk assessment, in which the only widely accepted criterion is diameter. The development of volumetric computed tomography (CT) and three-dimensional (3D) software enhances the clarity in displaying the nodules' characteristics. This study evaluated the values of the nodules' volume and 3D morphological characteristics (edge, shape and location) in cancer risk assessment. METHODS: The CT data of 200 pulmonary nodules were retrospectively evaluated using 3D volumetric software. The malignancy or benignity of all the nodules was confirmed by pathology, histology or follow up (>2 years). Logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) of the 3D margin (smooth, lobulated or spiculated/irregular), shape (spherical or non-spherical), location (purely intraparenchymal, juxtavascular or pleural-attached), and nodule volume in cancer risk assessment for total and sub-centimeter nodules. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was employed to determine the optimal threshold for the nodule volume. RESULTS: Out of 200 pulmonary nodules, 78 were malignant, whereas 122 were benign. The Logistic regression analysis showed that the volume (OR=3.3; P<0.001) and the 3D margin (OR=13.4, 9.8; both P=0.001) were independent predictive factors of malignancy, whereas the location and 3D shape exhibited no total predictive value (P>0.05). ROC analysis showed that the optimal threshold for malignancy was 666 mm³. For sub-centimeter nodules, the 3D margin was the only valuable predictive factor of malignancy (OR=60.5, 75.0; P=0.003, 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: The volume and 3D margin are important factors considered to assess the cancer risk of pulmonary nodules. Volumes larger than 666 mm³ can be determined as high risk for pulmonary nodules; by contrast, nodules with lobulated, spiculated, or irregular margin present a high malignancy probability.
BACKGROUND: The management of pulmonary nodules relies on cancer risk assessment, in which the only widely accepted criterion is diameter. The development of volumetric computed tomography (CT) and three-dimensional (3D) software enhances the clarity in displaying the nodules' characteristics. This study evaluated the values of the nodules' volume and 3D morphological characteristics (edge, shape and location) in cancer risk assessment. METHODS: The CT data of 200 pulmonary nodules were retrospectively evaluated using 3D volumetric software. The malignancy or benignity of all the nodules was confirmed by pathology, histology or follow up (>2 years). Logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) of the 3D margin (smooth, lobulated or spiculated/irregular), shape (spherical or non-spherical), location (purely intraparenchymal, juxtavascular or pleural-attached), and nodule volume in cancer risk assessment for total and sub-centimeter nodules. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was employed to determine the optimal threshold for the nodule volume. RESULTS: Out of 200 pulmonary nodules, 78 were malignant, whereas 122 were benign. The Logistic regression analysis showed that the volume (OR=3.3; P<0.001) and the 3D margin (OR=13.4, 9.8; both P=0.001) were independent predictive factors of malignancy, whereas the location and 3D shape exhibited no total predictive value (P>0.05). ROC analysis showed that the optimal threshold for malignancy was 666 mm³. For sub-centimeter nodules, the 3D margin was the only valuable predictive factor of malignancy (OR=60.5, 75.0; P=0.003, 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: The volume and 3D margin are important factors considered to assess the cancer risk of pulmonary nodules. Volumes larger than 666 mm³ can be determined as high risk for pulmonary nodules; by contrast, nodules with lobulated, spiculated, or irregular margin present a high malignancy probability.
The cancer risk assessment of 200 solid pulmonary nodules by multi-variate Logistic regression analysis
Item
n
OR
95%CI
P
Location
Purely intraparenchymal
90
1
Juxtavascular
42
2.0
0.5-7.3
0.317
Pleural-attached
68
1.6
0.5-5.7
0.449
Morphology
Smooth
112
1
Lobulated
27
13.4
2.9-61.8
0.001
Spiculated/Irregular
61
9.8
2.4-39.5
0.001
3D shape
Spherical
101
1
Non-spherical
99
1.0
0.3-3.7
0.984
lnV
200
3.3
2.3-4.8
< 0.001
1
实性结节容积评估恶性危险度的ROC曲线
The ROC curve of volume to assess the cancer risk. ROC: receiver operating characteristic curve
3
112例亚厘米结节恶性危险度多因素Logistic回归分析
The cancer risk assessment of 200 solid pulmonary nodules by multi-variate Logistic regression analysis
Nodule characteristics
n
OR
95%CI
P
Location
Purely intraparenchymal
64
1
0. 91
Juxtavascular
16
1.1
0.09-14.4
0.93
Pleural-attached
32
0.6
0.02-16.5
0.78
Morphology
Smooth
92
1
0.002
Lobulated
6
60.5
4.1-887.5
0.003
Spiculated/Irregular
14
75.0
3.3-1, 685.8
0.007
3D Shape
Spherical
78
1
Non-spherical
34
16.1
0.7-350.5
0.08
lnV
112
1.8
0.4-7.4
0.44
实性肺结节恶性风险度多因素Logistic回归分析The cancer risk assessment of 200 solid pulmonary nodules by multi-variate Logistic regression analysis实性结节容积评估恶性危险度的ROC曲线The ROC curve of volume to assess the cancer risk. ROC: receiver operating characteristic curve112例亚厘米结节恶性危险度多因素Logistic回归分析The cancer risk assessment of 200 solid pulmonary nodules by multi-variate Logistic regression analysis
Male, 47 years old, A-D: a nodule (white arrow) was incidentally detected in left upper lobe, nodules margin is lobulated, manually measured the largest diameter in X, Y and Z was 8.7 mm, 7.4 mm, 7.6 mm respectively; E:3D volumetric analysis showed nodule was non-spherical, software-generated volume of the nodule was 218 mm3. Automatic measured the maximum diameter was 9.8 mm, 8.8 mm, 8.4 mm respectively. Pathology result was invasive adenocarcinoma
Female, 53 years old, A-D: a nodule (white arrow) was incidentally detected in right upper lobe, nodules margin is irregular, manually measured the largest diameter in X, Y and Z was 6.0 mm, 5.7 mm, 5.9 mm respectively; E: 3D volumetric analysis showed nodule was non-spherical, software-generated volume of the nodule was 136 mm3. Automatic measured the maximum diameter was 7.9 mm, 8.5 mm, 6.9 mm respectively. Pathology result was adenocarcinoma
男性,47岁,A-D:左肺上叶实性结节,边缘形态不规则,呈分叶状,手动测得三维最大径线分别为8.7 mm、7.4 mm及7.6 mm;E:三维自动容积分析,结节为非球形,自动容积分析结节容积为218 mm3,自动测得最大径分别为9.8 mm、8.8 mm、8.4 mm,病理结果为浸润性腺癌Male, 47 years old, A-D: a nodule (white arrow) was incidentally detected in left upper lobe, nodules margin is lobulated, manually measured the largest diameter in X, Y and Z was 8.7 mm, 7.4 mm, 7.6 mm respectively; E:3D volumetric analysis showed nodule was non-spherical, software-generated volume of the nodule was 218 mm3. Automatic measured the maximum diameter was 9.8 mm, 8.8 mm, 8.4 mm respectively. Pathology result was invasive adenocarcinoma女性,53岁,A-D:右肺上叶实性结节,边缘不规则,手动测得三维最大径线分别为6.0 mm、5.7 mm及5.9 mm。E:三维自动容积分析,结节为非球形,自动容积分析结节容积为136 mm3,自动测得最大径分别为7.9 mm、8.5 mm、6.9 mm,病理结果为腺癌Female, 53 years old, A-D: a nodule (white arrow) was incidentally detected in right upper lobe, nodules margin is irregular, manually measured the largest diameter in X, Y and Z was 6.0 mm, 5.7 mm, 5.9 mm respectively; E: 3D volumetric analysis showed nodule was non-spherical, software-generated volume of the nodule was 136 mm3. Automatic measured the maximum diameter was 7.9 mm, 8.5 mm, 6.9 mm respectively. Pathology result was adenocarcinoma我们研究中的所有结节分析均基于CT三维容积分析技术。与常规二维评价相比,结节的容积定量较二维直径测量更准确、重复性更好,更适合作为决策分层的标准。其次,三维容积图像相对于二维图像更能精确反映结节整体的边缘形态。在二维轴位图像上结节可能是光滑的,但在冠状位或矢状位图像上可表现为分叶或毛刺,使得整个结节的形态不规则。在临床实践中,我们推荐基于三维容积分析的结节边缘特征评估。我们研究存在一定的局限性。首先,由于临床实践中肺结节随访患者失访率较高,故采用的是回顾性研究,和前瞻性队列研究相比诊断效能不足。其次,亚厘米结节的恶性病例数相对较少。总之,肺结节的三维容积分析对评估结节恶性风险度具有价值,容积大于666 mm3可以作为高危结节的阈值,对于亚厘米结节,边缘分叶、毛刺及不规则是恶性的高危因素。
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