Beyond Joints: a Review of Ocular Abnormalities in Gout and Hyperuricemia.

Gout is a common inflammatory arthritis among middle-aged men and postmenopausal women and can be a debilitating disease. Gout results from an elevated body uric acid pool, which leads to deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals, mainly in and around the joints. The MSU crystals trigger release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Ocular manifestations have been uncommonly reported in patients with gout. These include descriptions of tophaceous deposits in different locations of the eye including the eyelids, conjunctiva, cornea, iris, sclera, and orbit. Some depositions were coincidentally diagnosed in asymptomatic patients, while the majority were symptomatic. Other ocular abnormalities include dry eye syndrome, red eye, uveitis, intraocular hypertension, glaucoma, and cataracts. Herein, we review the medical literature pertaining to ocular manifestations in gout and hyperuricemia and propose a possible association between ocular abnormalities, hyperuricemia, and gout, including their common risk factors and comorbidities.