Leah Jayes1, Patricia L Haslam2, Christina G Gratziou3, Pippa Powell4, John Britton1, Constantine Vardavas5, Carlos Jimenez-Ruiz6, Jo Leonardi-Bee7. 1. UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England. 2. European Respiratory Society (ERS) Tobacco Control Committee, ERS European Union Affairs Department, Brussels, Belgium; National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, England; Royal Brompton Hospital, London, England. 3. European Respiratory Society (ERS) Tobacco Control Committee, ERS European Union Affairs Department, Brussels, Belgium; Smoking Cessation Clinic, Asthma & Allergy Centre, Pulmonary & Intensive Care Department, Athens University, Evgenidio Hospital, Athens, Greece. 4. European Lung Foundation, Sheffield, England. 5. European Respiratory Society (ERS) Tobacco Control Committee, ERS European Union Affairs Department, Brussels, Belgium; Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. 6. European Respiratory Society (ERS) Tobacco Control Committee, ERS European Union Affairs Department, Brussels, Belgium; Smoking Cessation Service, Community of Madrid, Madrid, Spain. 7. UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England. Electronic address: jo.leonardi-bee@nottingham.ac.uk.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Smoking tobacco increases the risk of respiratory disease in adults and children, but communicating the magnitude of these effects in a scientific manner that is accessible and usable by the public and policymakers presents a challenge. We have therefore summarized scientific data on the impact of smoking on respiratory diseases to provide the content for a unique resource, SmokeHaz. METHODS: We conducted systematic reviews and meta-analyses of longitudinal studies (published to 2013) identified from electronic databases, gray literature, and experts. Random effect meta-analyses were used to pool the findings. RESULTS: We included 216 articles. Among adult smokers, we confirmed substantially increased risks of lung cancer (risk ratio (RR), 10.92; 95% CI, 8.28-14.40; 34 studies), COPD (RR, 4.01; 95% CI, 3.18-5.05; 22 studies), and asthma (RR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.07-2.42; eight studies). Exposure to passive smoke significantly increased the risk of lung cancer in adult nonsmokers and increased the risks of asthma, wheeze, lower respiratory infections, and reduced lung function in children. Smoking significantly increased the risk of sleep apnea and asthma exacerbations in adult and pregnant populations, and active and passive smoking increased the risk of tuberculosis. CONCLUSIONS: These findings have been translated into easily digestible content and published on the SmokeHaz website.
BACKGROUND: Smoking tobacco increases the risk of respiratory disease in adults and children, but communicating the magnitude of these effects in a scientific manner that is accessible and usable by the public and policymakers presents a challenge. We have therefore summarized scientific data on the impact of smoking on respiratory diseases to provide the content for a unique resource, SmokeHaz. METHODS: We conducted systematic reviews and meta-analyses of longitudinal studies (published to 2013) identified from electronic databases, gray literature, and experts. Random effect meta-analyses were used to pool the findings. RESULTS: We included 216 articles. Among adult smokers, we confirmed substantially increased risks of lung cancer (risk ratio (RR), 10.92; 95% CI, 8.28-14.40; 34 studies), COPD (RR, 4.01; 95% CI, 3.18-5.05; 22 studies), and asthma (RR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.07-2.42; eight studies). Exposure to passive smoke significantly increased the risk of lung cancer in adult nonsmokers and increased the risks of asthma, wheeze, lower respiratory infections, and reduced lung function in children. Smoking significantly increased the risk of sleep apnea and asthma exacerbations in adult and pregnant populations, and active and passive smoking increased the risk of tuberculosis. CONCLUSIONS: These findings have been translated into easily digestible content and published on the SmokeHaz website.
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