Hadii M Mamudu1, Timir K Paul2, Liang Wang3, Sreenivas P Veeranki4, Hemang B Panchal5, Arsham Alamian6, Kamrie Sarnosky7, Matthew Budoff8. 1. Department of Health Services Management and Policy, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, P.O. Box 70264, Johnson City, TN, United States. Electronic address: mamudu@etsu.edu. 2. Division of Cardiology, James. H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, 329 N State of Franklin Rd, Johnson City, TN 37604, United States. Electronic address: pault@etsu.edu. 3. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, United States. Electronic address: WANGL2@etsu.edu. 4. Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States. Electronic address: spveeran@utmb.edu. 5. Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37604, United States. Electronic address: hemangbpanchal@gmail.com. 6. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, United States. Electronic address: ALAMIAN@etsu.edu. 7. Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, United States. Electronic address: sarnosky@goldmail.etsu.edu. 8. Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 W Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, United States. Electronic address: mbudoff@labiomed.org.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) are associated with coronary atherosclerosis and having multiple risk factors potentiates atherosclerosis. This study examined the prevalence of multiple biological and lifestyle/behavioral risk factors and their association with coronary artery calcium (CAC), a marker for subclinical coronary atherosclerosis. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of 1607 community-dwelling asymptomatic individuals from central Appalachia who participated in CAC screening between January 2011 and December 2012. Data on demographics (sex and age) and 7 traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) were collected and categorized into 5 groups (0-1, 2, 3, 4, and ≥5). Prevalence of these risk factors and CAC scores (0, 1-99, 100-399, ≥400) were assessed, and the impact of the number of risk factors on CAC scores were delineated using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Over 98% of participants had ≥1 risk factor. While obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and family history of CAD significantly increased the odds of having CAC, CAC scores significantly increased with number of risk factors. After adjusting for demographic factors, having 3, 4, and ≥5 risk factors was significantly associated with increased odds of having higher CAC scores when compared to zero CAC score by more than one and half times [OR=1.65, CI (1.20-2.25)], two times [OR=2.32, CI (1.67-3.23)] and three times [OR=3.45, CI (2.42-4.92)], respectively. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of multiple risk factors in the study population suggests the need for aggressive multiple risk factors interventions for primary prevention of CAD, which could address CVD health disparities.
INTRODUCTION: The risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) are associated with coronary atherosclerosis and having multiple risk factors potentiates atherosclerosis. This study examined the prevalence of multiple biological and lifestyle/behavioral risk factors and their association with coronary artery calcium (CAC), a marker for subclinical coronary atherosclerosis. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of 1607 community-dwelling asymptomatic individuals from central Appalachia who participated in CAC screening between January 2011 and December 2012. Data on demographics (sex and age) and 7 traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) were collected and categorized into 5 groups (0-1, 2, 3, 4, and ≥5). Prevalence of these risk factors and CAC scores (0, 1-99, 100-399, ≥400) were assessed, and the impact of the number of risk factors on CAC scores were delineated using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Over 98% of participants had ≥1 risk factor. While obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and family history of CAD significantly increased the odds of having CAC, CAC scores significantly increased with number of risk factors. After adjusting for demographic factors, having 3, 4, and ≥5 risk factors was significantly associated with increased odds of having higher CAC scores when compared to zero CAC score by more than one and half times [OR=1.65, CI (1.20-2.25)], two times [OR=2.32, CI (1.67-3.23)] and three times [OR=3.45, CI (2.42-4.92)], respectively. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of multiple risk factors in the study population suggests the need for aggressive multiple risk factors interventions for primary prevention of CAD, which could address CVD health disparities.
Authors: Emelia J Benjamin; Michael J Blaha; Stephanie E Chiuve; Mary Cushman; Sandeep R Das; Rajat Deo; Sarah D de Ferranti; James Floyd; Myriam Fornage; Cathleen Gillespie; Carmen R Isasi; Monik C Jiménez; Lori Chaffin Jordan; Suzanne E Judd; Daniel Lackland; Judith H Lichtman; Lynda Lisabeth; Simin Liu; Chris T Longenecker; Rachel H Mackey; Kunihiro Matsushita; Dariush Mozaffarian; Michael E Mussolino; Khurram Nasir; Robert W Neumar; Latha Palaniappan; Dilip K Pandey; Ravi R Thiagarajan; Mathew J Reeves; Matthew Ritchey; Carlos J Rodriguez; Gregory A Roth; Wayne D Rosamond; Comilla Sasson; Amytis Towfighi; Connie W Tsao; Melanie B Turner; Salim S Virani; Jenifer H Voeks; Joshua Z Willey; John T Wilkins; Jason Hy Wu; Heather M Alger; Sally S Wong; Paul Muntner Journal: Circulation Date: 2017-01-25 Impact factor: 29.690
Authors: Wesam Alsaud; Mohammad J Tabbaa; Violet N Kasabri; Maysa F Suyagh; Muneer A Abu Alsamen; Hussain M Haddad; Anas O ALshweki Journal: J Saudi Heart Assoc Date: 2020-08-03
Authors: Abbey C Sidebottom; Gretchen Benson; Marc Vacquier; Raquel Pereira; Joy Hayes; Peter Boersma; Jackie L Boucher; Rebecca Lindberg; Barbara Pribyl; Jeffrey J VanWormer Journal: Popul Health Manag Date: 2020-01-22 Impact factor: 2.459