Amber Hill1, Christina Pallitto2, Jennifer McCleary-Sills3, Claudia Garcia-Moreno4. 1. Global Women's Institute, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA. 2. Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Electronic address: pallittoc@who.int. 3. Department of Gender Violence and Rights, International Center for Research on Women, Washington, DC, USA. 4. Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Intimate partner violence (IPV) has a detrimental impact on the lives of women worldwide. Several studies have examined the effect IPV has on adverse birth outcomes when it occurs during pregnancy. OBJECTIVES: To explore the association between IPV and selected adverse birth outcomes. SEARCH STRATEGY: Multiple databases were searched to identify studies investigating the association between IPV and low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth, and/or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). SELECTION CRITERIA: Included studies defined the perpetrator of violence as an intimate partner, the type of violence as physical and/or sexual, and the study outcomes as LBW, preterm birth, or IUGR, with violence preceding delivery. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Random-effects meta-analysis was used to calculate adjusted/unadjusted odds ratios (ORs). Subanalyses explored the effect of emotional/psychological violence on birth outcomes. MAIN RESULTS: Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria (15 LBW, 12 preterm birth, 4 IUGR). IPV was associated with LBW (OR 1.18, 95% confidence interval 1.05-1.31; I(2)=0.70, P<0.001) and preterm birth (OR 1.42, 95% confidence interval 1.21-1.63; I(2)=0.20, P<0.001). No statistically significant association was found for IUGR. CONCLUSIONS: There are associations between IPV and LBW and preterm birth that could be causal.
BACKGROUND: Intimate partner violence (IPV) has a detrimental impact on the lives of women worldwide. Several studies have examined the effect IPV has on adverse birth outcomes when it occurs during pregnancy. OBJECTIVES: To explore the association between IPV and selected adverse birth outcomes. SEARCH STRATEGY: Multiple databases were searched to identify studies investigating the association between IPV and low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth, and/or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). SELECTION CRITERIA: Included studies defined the perpetrator of violence as an intimate partner, the type of violence as physical and/or sexual, and the study outcomes as LBW, preterm birth, or IUGR, with violence preceding delivery. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Random-effects meta-analysis was used to calculate adjusted/unadjusted odds ratios (ORs). Subanalyses explored the effect of emotional/psychological violence on birth outcomes. MAIN RESULTS: Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria (15 LBW, 12 preterm birth, 4 IUGR). IPV was associated with LBW (OR 1.18, 95% confidence interval 1.05-1.31; I(2)=0.70, P<0.001) and preterm birth (OR 1.42, 95% confidence interval 1.21-1.63; I(2)=0.20, P<0.001). No statistically significant association was found for IUGR. CONCLUSIONS: There are associations between IPV and LBW and preterm birth that could be causal.
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