Shu-Ming Kuo1, Guang-Wu Chen2, Arul Balaji Velu3, Srinivas Dash3, Yi-Ju Han3, Kuo-Chien Tsao4, Shin-Ru Shih5. 1. Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan. 2. Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan; Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan. Electronic address: gwchen@mail.cgu.edu.tw. 3. Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan. 4. Clinical Virology Laboratory, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan. 5. Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan; Clinical Virology Laboratory, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan. Electronic address: srshih@mail.cgu.edu.tw.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/ PURPOSE: Influenza B viruses are antigenically classified into Yamagata and Victoria lineages according to their hemagglutinin (HA) proteins. These two lineages are known to either appear sequentially or cocirculate in Taiwan. METHODS: Taiwanese influenza B viral HA and neuraminidase (NA) sequences between 2003 and 2014 were determined and analyzed. A time-scaled phylogenetic tree was constructed to decipher the evolutionary trends of these sequences, and the reassortment between the two lineages. Positively selected amino acids were predicted, demonstrating the adaptive mutations of the circulating pattern. RESULTS: The HA phylogenetic tree revealed that the Victoria lineage evolved into a ladder-like pattern, whereas the Yamagata lineage exhibited complex topology with several independently evolved clades on which viruses from different influenza seasons interlaced. For several seasons, HA sequences were found to be dominated by strains of the same lineage as the corresponding vaccine strain. Inspecting these sequences revealed that frequent mutations occurred in neutralizing epitopes and glycosylation sites. Amino acid positions 212 and 214 of N-glycosylation sites, which are known to be critical determinants of receptor-binding specificity, were found to be subject to positive selection. No drug-resistant sites were noticed in the NA sequences. In addition, we identified several cases of NA reassortment with an overall incidence rate of 6% for the investigated Taiwan strains. CONCLUSION: We highlighted the interplay between mutations in the glycosylation sites and epitope during HA evolution. These are crucial molecular signatures to be monitored for influenza B epidemics in the future.
BACKGROUND/ PURPOSE: Influenza B viruses are antigenically classified into Yamagata and Victoria lineages according to their hemagglutinin (HA) proteins. These two lineages are known to either appear sequentially or cocirculate in Taiwan. METHODS: Taiwanese influenza B viral HA and neuraminidase (NA) sequences between 2003 and 2014 were determined and analyzed. A time-scaled phylogenetic tree was constructed to decipher the evolutionary trends of these sequences, and the reassortment between the two lineages. Positively selected amino acids were predicted, demonstrating the adaptive mutations of the circulating pattern. RESULTS: The HA phylogenetic tree revealed that the Victoria lineage evolved into a ladder-like pattern, whereas the Yamagata lineage exhibited complex topology with several independently evolved clades on which viruses from different influenza seasons interlaced. For several seasons, HA sequences were found to be dominated by strains of the same lineage as the corresponding vaccine strain. Inspecting these sequences revealed that frequent mutations occurred in neutralizing epitopes and glycosylation sites. Amino acid positions 212 and 214 of N-glycosylation sites, which are known to be critical determinants of receptor-binding specificity, were found to be subject to positive selection. No drug-resistant sites were noticed in the NA sequences. In addition, we identified several cases of NA reassortment with an overall incidence rate of 6% for the investigated Taiwan strains. CONCLUSION: We highlighted the interplay between mutations in the glycosylation sites and epitope during HA evolution. These are crucial molecular signatures to be monitored for influenza B epidemics in the future.
Authors: Pinky Langat; Jayna Raghwani; Gytis Dudas; Thomas A Bowden; Stephanie Edwards; Astrid Gall; Trevor Bedford; Andrew Rambaut; Rodney S Daniels; Colin A Russell; Oliver G Pybus; John McCauley; Paul Kellam; Simon J Watson Journal: PLoS Pathog Date: 2017-12-28 Impact factor: 6.823
Authors: Mpho Seleka; Florette K Treurnicht; Stefano Tempia; Orienka Hellferscee; Senzo Mtshali; Adam L Cohen; Amelia Buys; Johanna M McAnerney; Terry G Besselaar; Marthi Pretorius; Anne von Gottberg; Sibongile Walaza; Cheryl Cohen; Shabir A Madhi; Marietjie Venter Journal: PLoS One Date: 2017-05-25 Impact factor: 3.240
Authors: N S Korsun; S G Angelova; I T Trifonova; I L Georgieva; I S Tzotcheva; S D Mileva; S E Voleva; A M Kurchatova; P I Perenovska Journal: Epidemiol Infect Date: 2019-01 Impact factor: 2.451
Authors: Cynthia Y Tang; Karen Segovia; Jane A McElroy; Tao Li; Minhui Guan; Xiaojian Zhang; Shamita Misra; Jun Hang; Xiu-Feng Wan Journal: Viruses Date: 2021-09-22 Impact factor: 5.048