Luke Ayers1, Andrew Agostini2, Jay Schulkin3, Jeffrey B Rosen4. 1. Department of Psychology, Widener University, Chester, PA, USA. 2. Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA. 3. Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA. 4. Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA. jrosen@udel.edu.
Abstract
RATIONALE: Oxytocin has antianxiety properties in humans and rodents. However, the antianxiety effects have been variable. OBJECTIVES: To reduce variability and to strengthen the antianxiety effect of oxytocin in fear-potentiated startle, two experiments were performed. First, different amounts of light-shock pairings were given to determine the optimal levels of cue-specific fear conditioning and non-predictable startle (background anxiety). Second, the antianxiety effects of oxytocin were examined in rats with high and low pre-fear conditioning baseline startle to determine if oxytocin differentially affects high and low trait anxiety rats. METHODS: Baseline pre-fear conditioning startle responses were first measured. Rats then received 1, 5, or 10 light-shock pairings. Fear-potentiated startle was then tested with two trial types: light-cued startle and non-cued startle trials. In the second experiment, rats fear conditioned with 10 light-shock pairings were administered either saline or oxytocin before a fear-potentiated startle test. Rats were categorized as low or high startlers by their pre-fear conditioning startle amplitude. RESULTS: Ten shock pairings produced the largest non-cued startle responses (background anxiety), without increasing cue-specific fear-potentiated startle compared to one and five light-shock pairings. Cue-specific fear-potentiated startle was unaffected by oxytocin. Oxytocin reduced background anxiety only in rats with low pre-fear startle responses. CONCLUSIONS: Oxytocin has population selective antianxiety effects on non-cued unpredictable threat, but only in rats with low pre-fear baseline startle responses. The low startle responses are reminiscent of humans with low startle responses and high trait anxiety.
RATIONALE: Oxytocin has antianxiety properties in humans and rodents. However, the antianxiety effects have been variable. OBJECTIVES: To reduce variability and to strengthen the antianxiety effect of oxytocin in fear-potentiated startle, two experiments were performed. First, different amounts of light-shock pairings were given to determine the optimal levels of cue-specific fear conditioning and non-predictable startle (background anxiety). Second, the antianxiety effects of oxytocin were examined in rats with high and low pre-fear conditioning baseline startle to determine if oxytocin differentially affects high and low trait anxietyrats. METHODS: Baseline pre-fear conditioning startle responses were first measured. Rats then received 1, 5, or 10 light-shock pairings. Fear-potentiated startle was then tested with two trial types: light-cued startle and non-cued startle trials. In the second experiment, rats fear conditioned with 10 light-shock pairings were administered either saline or oxytocin before a fear-potentiated startle test. Rats were categorized as low or high startlers by their pre-fear conditioning startle amplitude. RESULTS: Ten shock pairings produced the largest non-cued startle responses (background anxiety), without increasing cue-specific fear-potentiated startle compared to one and five light-shock pairings. Cue-specific fear-potentiated startle was unaffected by oxytocin. Oxytocin reduced background anxiety only in rats with low pre-fear startle responses. CONCLUSIONS:Oxytocin has population selective antianxiety effects on non-cued unpredictable threat, but only in rats with low pre-fear baseline startle responses. The low startle responses are reminiscent of humans with low startle responses and high trait anxiety.
Authors: M-C Pardon; G G Gould; A Garcia; L Phillips; M C Cook; S A Miller; P A Mason; D A Morilak Journal: Neuroscience Date: 2002 Impact factor: 3.590
Authors: Seth D Norrholm; Kemp M Anderson; Ilana W Olin; Tanja Jovanovic; Cliffe Kwon; Victor T Warren; Alexander McCarthy; Lauren Bosshardt; Justin Sabree; Erica J Duncan; Barbara O Rothbaum; Bekh Bradley Journal: Front Behav Neurosci Date: 2011-11-21 Impact factor: 3.558