Time variability of the north-western Mediterranean Sea pH over 1995-2011.

Factors controlling ocean acidification and its temporal variations were studied over the 1995-2011 period at the Dyfamed site at 10 m depth, in the North Mediterranean Sea. The results indicated a mean annual decrease of 0.003 ± 0.001 pH units on the seawater scale. The seasonal variability was characterized by a pH decrease during springtime and a strong pH increase in late fall. Anthropogenic CO2 (CANT) absorption by the ocean was the key driver of seawater acidification in this region, accounting for about 70% of the observed drop in pH, followed by water temperature (about 30%). The total inorganic carbon (CT) data showed a CT increase of 30.0 ± 1.0 μmol kg(-1) per decade. This decadal increase is mainly due to the CANT penetration (43.2 μmol kg(-1) per decade) in surface waters, which is mitigated for by relatively small opposing changes in CT due to physical and biological processes.