Implementation of routine foot check in patients with diabetes on hemodialysis: associations with outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with diabetes are at increased risk of foot ulcers, which may result in limb amputations. While regular foot care prevents ulcerations and amputation in those patients with diabetes not on dialysis, evidence is limited in diabetic hemodialysis patients. We investigated the association between the implementation of a routine foot check program in diabetic incident hemodialysis patients, and major lower limb amputations.
METHODS: In 1/2008, monthly intradialytic foot checks were implemented as part of standard clinic care in all Fresenius Medical Care North America hemodialysis facilities. Patients with diabetes who initiated hemodialysis between 1/2004 and 12/2007 constituted the preimplementation cohort, and patients starting hemodialysis between 1/2008 and 12/2011 comprised the postimplementation cohort. In addition, we conducted a sensitivity analysis where we excluded patients from the clinics with <10 patients in the postimplementation period and where percent difference in patient with diabetes number between postimplementation and preimplementation period was <20%. We compared lower limb amputation rates employing Poisson regression models with offset of exposure time in these two cohorts.
RESULTS: We studied 35 513 patients in the preimplementation and 25 779 patients in the postimplementation cohort. In the postimplementation cohort, amputation rate decreased by 17% (p=0.0034). The major lower limb amputation rate was 1.30 per 100 patient years in preimplementation and 1.07 in postimplementation cohort. These beneficial results were corroborated in the multivariate analysis (p=0.0175) and were even more pronounced in the sensitivity analysis (p=0.0083).
CONCLUSION: Monthly foot checks are associated with reduction of major lower limb amputations in diabetic incident hemodialysis patients.

Optimizing foot care with routine monthly intradialytic foot checks was implemented for all diabetic hemodialysis patients in a large US-based hemodialysis network in 2008.

This observational study reports the association between the implementation of a routine foot check program in diabetic incident hemodialysis patients, and major limb amputations.

Implementation of the monthly foot check program was associated with a significant 17% lower rate of major lower limb amputations, when compared with the preimplementation period.

Introduction

Patients with diabetes on hemodialysis are at increased risk of foot complications, which may eventually result in lower extremity amputations, resulting in the loss of parts of toes, feet or even legs. Recurrence of these problems in the contralateral limb is frequent.1 2

Foot complications are more prevalent in patients with long-standing diabetes and end-stage renal disease compared with those without end-stage renal disease. Hill et al previously demonstrated risk of foot complications defined as current ulcer, infection, gangrene or amputation in this group of patients. Foot complications were greater in patients with diabetes on hemodialysis (25%) than in patients with diabetes not on dialysis (10%). A prevalence of lower limb amputations in diabetic hemodialysis patients was 11% compared with 4% of patients with diabetes not on dialysis.3 Ndip et al4 reported that in patient with diabetes and chronic kidney disease the prevalence of foot ulceration was five times higher in patients on hemodialysis compared with predialysis patients (chronic kidney disease stages 4 or 5). The dialysis group with 150 patients with diabetes had higher rates of foot ulcerations and amputations, with estimated cumulative incidence rates of 210 and 58 per 1000 person-years, respectively, when compared with 150 patients with diabetes with a history of foot ulceration.5

Foot ulcers precede 84% of amputations,6 and half of these amputations are in patients with diabetes.7 In 1994, the overall amputation rate for patients on hemodialysis with renal failure secondary to diabetes was 13.8 events/100 persons per year versus 4.9 events/100 persons per year for patients with end-stage renal disease unrelated to diabetes. The non-traumatic amputation rate among patients with diabetes on hemodialysis in the USA was 10 times as great as among the diabetic population at large,1 suggesting that diabetes is a major risk factor for lower limb amputation in hemodialysis patients.8

Amputations are associated with reduced quality of life, morbidity, and increased mortality. Following amputation, more than one-third of the patients are left unable to care for themselves; above ankle amputation is associated with a perioperative mortality of 20%.1 9 Two-thirds of the patients died within 2 years after the first amputation.1 Recently, a 5-year observational study demonstrated increased risk of mortality in hemodialysis patients with foot ulcerations.10

As foot ulcers are a significant risk factor for limb loss, prevention, and timely diagnosis and treatment, may translate into a reduced amputation rate. In non-hemodialysis patients, several approaches have been shown to prevent lower limb ulceration and amputation; however, information is limited on patients with diabetes who are on hemodialysis. Two small, single-center studies have shown foot care extending to the hemodialysis setting was beneficial in reducing amputation rates. An intensive podiatric and orthotic service was instituted for New Zealand Mäori people with diabetes after they began dialysis. The lower extremity amputation rate fell from 14 patients for the previous 2 years to 2 per year.11 When foot care was extended to all diabetic Native Americans who were receiving dialysis in one local facility, amputation rates decreased from 15 per 1000 to 7 per 1000 diabetic person-years in the period from 1997 to 1999.12 13 The KDOQI guidelines recommend screening including physical examination with assessment of arterial pulse and skin integrity, at the time of dialysis initiation for patients with chronic kidney disease on chronic renal replacement therapy.14 15 As dialysis patients often lose contact with care outside the dialysis setting, preventive strategies as a part of routine dialysis care may be key for decreasing amputation rates.

In order to improve foot care in chronic hemodialysis patients, monthly intradialytic foot checks performed by dialysis nurses were implemented in all Fresenius Medical Care North America clinics in January 2008. However, current evidence is weak regarding whether regular surveillance and timely recognition of foot lesions in chronic diabetic hemodialysis patients is effective in reducing the risk of amputation and its sequelae, including mortality.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between foot checks in diabetic hemodialysis patients and rate of lower limb amputations. To explore this relationship, we compared outcomes in incident hemodialysis patients with diabetes before and after the implementation of a comprehensive foot check program in January 2008.

Methods

Participants

This observational study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Beth Israel Medical Center, New York. We performed a retrospective chart review on Fresenius Medical Care North America in-center diabetic hemodialysis patients from 934 dialysis centers. Data were collected from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2011. The study included incident patients aged older than 18 years with diabetes mellitus who started chronic hemodialysis before the implementation of a foot check program (between January 2004 and December 2007; preimplementation cohort) and thereafter (between January 2008 and December 2011; postimplementation cohort). Patients were required to have at least 13 in-center treatments before being included in the study. We studied patients in clinics performing foot check on a regular basis, defined as more than one foot check per 15 hemodialysis treatments in the postimplementation period. The same clinics were studied in the preimplementation period to reduce the potential for bias.

Amputations were noted between January 2004 and December 2011. Amputation information was obtained through hospitalization records. A major amputation was considered as the presence of a non-traumatic lower-extremity amputation. Lower-extremity amputation was defined as the complete loss in the transverse anatomical plane of any part of the lower limb through or proximal to the ankle joint (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes 841.2; 841.3; 841.4; 841.5; 841.6; 841.7).

Foot check protocol

In order to improve foot care, monthly intradialytic foot checks by dialysis nurses were implemented as part of standard clinic care in Fresenius Medical Care North America clinics in January of 2008 (‘foot check program implementation date’). Within the first 30 days of admission into the dialysis center, an initial foot check was performed. Foot checks were conducted according to the following standard operation procedure: First, history from the patient in regard to any foot-related issues was taken and documented on the initial foot check form. The history included any lower limb pain, history of past or present foot ulcers, amputations, or deformities. Information was comprehensively gathered about podiatry or wound care clinics the patient had visited in the past and about any future appointments the patient had possibly scheduled. After this data had been obtained, physical assessments of the lower extremities started, and continued monthly thereafter. Prior to removing shoes from the patient's feet, an examination was performed on the shoes to check for proper fit and appropriateness, and of the inside of the shoe to identify possible pressure points. The socks were examined for holes that could cause friction leading to a blister. The color, temperature, and skin integrity of each foot were noted. The nurse examined the foot anterior and posterior aspects including nails, visually inspecting for any noticeable areas of skin breakdown or reddened areas. Pedal pulses, both the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses, were palpated and noted if present, diminished, or absent. Foot sensory levels were assessed with a 5.07 monofilament. If any new wounds were observed, the physician was notified and the first available appointment with the wound care center was scheduled. If the patient needed nail trimming, then an appointment with the podiatry clinic was scheduled. Referrals were made to the orthopedic clinic, if the need for diabetic shoes was noted. Another important role of the nurse during the foot check process, was to educate the patient. First, the patient’s basic knowledge level was assessed followed by simple education during the actual process of checking the feet. Patients were reminded to check their feet every day. They were instructed to wear appropriate shoes and socks, and to avoid going barefoot. They were also instructed to notify the staff immediately if they noticed deviation from the ‘norm’. Based on the patients’ knowledge level and need, additional educational material related to diabetes and foot care was delivered and explained in detail.

Statistical analysis

We compared all incident diabetic hemodialysis patients before the foot check program implementation date who started hemodialysis between January 2004 and December 2007 (preimplementation cohort), and after the foot check program implementation between January 2008 and December 2011 (postimplementation cohort).

We identified a set of demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters potentially associated with amputation. The patients’ demographic characteristics were obtained during a baseline period of 3 months. Clinical, laboratory and treatment variables were averaged over the baseline period. Data are presented as mean, SD, and percent, as appropriate. Point estimates and 95% CIs of the baseline differences between the preimplementation and postimplementation cohorts are presented.

Major lower limb amputation was the primary end point. We compared the number of major amputations before and after the implementation of foot checks. Poisson regression models with offset of exposure time were constructed with number of major amputations as outcome. Multiple amputations per patient were considered. We performed multivariate analyses with adjustment for age, race, gender, ethnicity, vascular access type for hemodialysis, predialysis systolic blood pressure, albumin, phosphorus, cardiac disease, infection, and peripheral artery disease.

We complemented the main analysis by a sensitivity analysis where we excluded patients from the clinics with <10 patients in the postimplementation period, and where percent difference in patient with diabetes number between postimplementation and preimplementation period was <20%.

Data were censored when patients were transferred to a facility outside Fresenius Medical Care North America, switched to peritoneal dialysis, received a kidney transplant, recovery of kidney function, and at the end of the study period (December 2011). Statistical analyses were performed using SAS V.9.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA). A two-sided p value below 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

A total of 61 292 incident patients were included. We studied 35 513 patients in the preimplementation cohort and 25 779 patients in the postimplementation cohort. Baseline demographic characteristics, frequency of coexisting conditions, and laboratory parameters are described in table 1.

Table 1

Baseline and clinical characteristics of the study cohorts

Variable	Preimplementation cohort (n=35 513)	Postimplementation cohort (n=25 779)	Difference (95% CI)
Age (years)	63.1±12.9	63.3±12.7	0.23 (0.02 to 0.43)
Male sex	18 822 (53%)	153 921 (54%)	1.0 (1.8 to 0.20)
Hispanic ethnicity	7103 (20%)	5929 (23%)	3.0 (3.6 to 2.3)
Black race	11 009 (31%)	7476 (29%)	−2 (−1.26 to −2.75)
White race	21 663 (61%)	17 272 (67%)	6 (6.76 to 5.24)
Body mass index (kg/m2)	29.4±8.2	30.1±8.0	0.77 (0.64 to 0.90)
Predialysis systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	150.7±19.4	150.8±19.1	0.11 (−0.20 to 0.42)
Predialysis diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	76.0±11.4	76.3±11.4	0.34 (0.15 to 0.52)
Albumin (g/dL)	3.47±0.43	3.50±0.42	0.02 (0.02 to 0.03)
Calcium (mg/dL)	8.69±0.61	8.68±0.60	−0.01 (−0.02 to 0.00)
Phosphorus (mg/dL)	4.92±1.18	4.92±1.10	−0.01 (−0.03 to 0.01)
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	11.7±1.2	11.3±1.1	−0.41 (−0.43 to −0.39)
Serum total cholesterol (mg/dL)	154.6±45.8	149.7±45.4	−4.87 (−5.73 to −4.01)
Central venous catheter	26 280 (74%)	18 560 (72%)	−2.0 (−1.28 to −2.70)
Interdialytic weight gain (kg)	2.46±0.92	2.25±0.87	−0.21 (−0.22 to −0.20)
Equilibrated Kt/V	1.35±0.34	1.47±0.38	0.12 (0.12 to 0.13)
Hemodialysis treatment time (minutes)	218.7±23.1	223.3±21.7	5.54 (5.18 to 5.90)
enPCR (g/kg BW/day)	0.77±0.22	0.81±0.24	0.04 (0.04 to 0.04)
Peripheral artery disease	5682 (16%)	4382 (17%)	1.00 (1.61 to 040)
Congestive heart failure	10 654 (30%)	8507 (33%)	2.99 (3.76 to 2.26)
Cardiac dysrhythmias	3551 (10%)	2836 (11%)	1.00 (1.49 to 0.51)
Hypertension	22 018 (62%)	18 561 (72%)	10.00 (10.75 to 9.26)
Ischemic heart disease	9233 (26%)	7218 (28%)	2.00 (2.71 to 1.29)
Myocardial infarction	1421 (4%)	1031 (4%)	0.00 (0.32 to −0.31)
Infection	3196 (9%)	2062 (8%)	−1.00 (−0.55 to −1.45)

BW, body weight; enPCR, equilibrated normalized protein catabolic rate.

There were some statistically significant imbalances between the groups with respect to age, gender, ethnicity, and race, none of which are deemed to be of clinical significance. Notably, however, patients in the postimplementation cohort had a higher comorbidity burden as indicated by a higher rate of hypertension, congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease, and slightly more cardiac dysrhythmias and peripheral artery disease. Infections were more common in patients without foot checks.

Albeit statistically significant differences were observed for some laboratory and treatment parameters, none of the differences were clinically significant, except possibly for a 0.2 kg lower interdialytic weight gain and 0.12 units higher eKt/V in the postimplementation group.

The implementation of the monthly foot check program was associated with reduced major lower limb amputation. The major lower limb amputation rate was 1.30 per 100 patient years in preimplementation cohort and 1.07 in the postimplementation cohort. Compared with preimplementation cohort, major lower limb amputation decreased by 17% (Poisson regression; p=0.0034).

These findings were corroborated in the multivariate analysis (p=0.0175) with adjustment for age, race, gender, ethnicity, vascular access type for hemodialysis, predialysis systolic blood pressure, albumin, phosphorus, cardiac disease, infection, and peripheral artery disease (table 2).

Table 2

Poisson model estimates relating independent variables to amputation counts in the study cohorts

Independent variable	Estimate	Wald 95% confidence limits		p Value
(Intercept)	−1.7973	−2.6318	−0.9629	<0.0001
Age (years)	0.0098	0.0045	0.0151	0.0003
Male sex	0.189	0.0649	0.3132	0.0028
White race	−0.1182	−0.2503	0.0139	0.0795
Hispanic ethnicity	−0.2051	−0.3711	−0.0392	0.0154
Central venous catheter	0.1729	0.0298	0.316	0.0179
Predialysis systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	−0.0045	−0.0078	−0.0011	0.0092
Albumin (g/dL)	−0.8923	−1.0222	−0.7623	<0.0001
Phosphorus (mg/dL)	0.0508	−0.0045	0.1061	0.0716
Peripheral artery disease	1.0753	0.9454	1.2052	<0.0001
Infection	0.1254	−0.0561	0.3069	0.1758
Hypertension	−0.2773	−0.4089	−0.1458	<0.0001
Myocardial infarction	−0.0133	−0.2783	0.2516	0.9214
Ischemic heart disease	0.2166	0.077	0.3562	0.0024
Cardiac dysrhythmias	−0.059	−0.246	0.128	0.5363
Congestive heart failure	−0.0296	−0.1624	0.1031	0.6616
Foot check implementation	−0.15	−0.2737	−0.0263	0.0175

The sensitivity analysis included data from 8691 patients in the preimplementation period and 8813 patients in the postimplementation period. In the sensitivity analysis, the major lower limb amputation rate differences (p=0.0083) between preimplementation and postimplementation period were even more pronounced (table 3).

Table 3

Results of the sensitivity analysis

Independent variable	Estimate	Wald 95% confidence limits		p Value
(Intercept)	−1.4139	2.9316	0.1038	0.0679
Age (years)	0.0053	0.0044	0.015	0.2868
Male sex	0.0628	0.1617	0.2873	0.5837
White race	−0.2072	0.4446	0.0303	0.0872
Hispanic ethnicity	−0.265	0.5614	−0.0313	0.0796
Central venous catheter	0.22	0.0418	0.4817	0.0996
Predialysis systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	−0.0063	0.0125	−0.0002	0.0436
Albumin (g/dL)	−0.8414	1.0774	0.6054	<0.0001
Phosphorus (mg/dL)	0.1128	0.0137	0.2119	0.0256
Peripheral artery disease	0.9691	0.7331	1.2051	<0.0001
Infection	0.111	0.2113	0.4334	0.4996
Hypertension	−0.3976	0.6383	−0.1568	0.0012
Myocardial infarction	−0.2773	0.7612	0.2066	0.2613
Ischemic heart disease	0.3688	0.1194	0.6182	0.0038
Cardiac dysrhythmias	−0.0479	−0.38	0.2842	0.7774
Congestive heart failure	−0.0275	0.2656	0.2106	0.8209
Foot check implementation	−0.2993	0.5214	−0.0772	0.0083

Discussion

We studied 61 292 incident diabetic hemodialysis patients to explore whether implementation of a monthly foot check program was associated with lower rate of major limb amputations. The key finding from this observational research was that implementation of foot checks was associated with a significantly lower rate of major lower limb amputations when compared with the preimplementation period. These results were corroborated in a sensitivity analysis.

The observational nature of our study precludes any statements about causality, and the question of whether foot checks independently contribute to better outcome or are mere markers of less disease severity and better medical care cannot be answered based on our analysis. While the association of foot checks with less major amputation was corroborated by multivariate analysis, unmeasured confounders may contribute to the results of this observational study. Of note, the same dialysis clinics were studied in the preimplementation as well as in the postimplementation periods, rendering differences in practice patterns less likely. The reduction of lower limb amputation is important not only because of the devastating nature of lower limb amputations, but also because of its adverse association with mortality. The relation between lower limb amputation and poor survival was indicated in previous research in diabetic dialysis patients showing that 30 days postamputation survival was 88.9%, at 1 year 49.3%, and at 2 years 32.7%; in other words, two-thirds of patients with diabetes died within 2 years after lower limb amputation.1 Additionally, the rate of lower limb amputation in patients with diabetes appears to be higher after dialysis initiation.1 The incidence of major amputation approached 6% in the first half year on dialysis, with inadequate hemodialysis being a risk factor.16 In a small group mostly of Mäori patients with diabetes, the time between dialysis initiation (hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis) and amputation was <1 year, and 50% of patients undergoing amputation died within 1 year.11

The pathogenesis of lower limb amputation in diabetes is multifactorial. The initial lesion is often caused by minor local trauma, which leads to ulceration. Limb ischemia and peripheral neuropathy have both been implicated in the progression of limb ulcers.17–19 Hill et al3 identified dialysis vintage as a significant predictor of foot complications. Additional risk factors are macroangiopathy and microangiopathy, and extensive atherosclerotic vascular disease, and, possibly, other pathologies related to chronic kidney disease, such as altered calcium/phosphate metabolism.3 Dialysis was associated with a two times higher risk of prior amputation, prior foot ulceration, diabetic polyneuropathy, and peripheral arterial disease. This strong association between prevalent foot ulceration and dialysis therapy remained significant after adjusting for potential confounders such as use of footwear, duration of diabetes, neuropathy, and peripheral arterial disease.2 A close relationship was also revealed between the incidence of foot ulceration and the start of dialysis in patients with diabetes.16

Recently, a systematic review of 30 non-randomized studies quantified major risk factors associated with serious foot ulceration and lower extremity amputation in >48 000 patients treated with dialysis.20 Among other factors, they found that dialysis patients most at risk for foot ulceration were those with previous foot ulceration, peripheral arterial disease and coronary artery disease, and most at risk for amputation were those with previous foot ulceration, peripheral arterial disease and peripheral neuropathy. In this review, dialysis patients with diabetes mellitus were more than three times as likely to have a current foot ulcer and more than seven times as likely to have an amputation. Both complications were more common in people with longer duration of diabetes.20 Several studies investigating the prevention of foot ulceration and amputation in patients with diabetes among the general population showed that multidisciplinary foot care improved ulcer healing and reduced amputation rates.21 22 In a study of 145 patients, 56 received multidisciplinary foot care (intervention), and 89 received standard care. Significantly fewer recurrent ulcers were seen in the intervention group during a 2-year follow-up.21 The multidisciplinary approach included diabetologists, rehabilitation physicians, orthopedic surgeons, podiatrists, and shoemakers, while the standard care team consisted of diabetologist and nurse only.22 Larsson showed an almost 50% reduction in amputations over 11 years in Swedish patients with diabetes who were managed by a multidisciplinary approach.23 Besides the study by McGrath and Curran11 from New Zealand demonstrating lower amputations after instituting an intensive podiatric and orthotic service in Mäori patient with diabetes on hemodialysis, and the study by Rith-Najarian and Gohdes13 showing reduced amputation rates in diabetic Native Americans on dialysis when extending primary clinical pathways (called Staged Diabetes Management) to the local dialysis facility for patients with severe ulcers, there are—to the best of our knowledge—only two additional reports demonstrating benefits of prevention of lower limb ulceration and amputation in patients with diabetes with end-stage renal disease. A study in renal transplant recipients has shown the efficacy and importance of intervention to prevent amputation among high-risk patients. In that study, a special foot clinic for patients with diabetes with renal transplant reduced digital gangrene and major amputations, led to a higher healing rate of foot ulceration, and only two major amputations in 50 patients over 4 years.24 A study on 132 diabetic peritoneal dialysis patients indicated that a chiropody program decreased amputation rates. The intervention included foot care education, and assessment and treatment by chiropodists. Predictors of time to amputation or death were age, peripheral and cerebrovascular disease, and chiropodist intervention.25 Patients with diabetes with end-stage renal disease are at a high risk of lower limb amputation, and dialysis is independently associated with foot ulceration.1–4 8 16 18 19 26 Consequently, patients with diabetes on chronic hemodialysis require intensive foot care. There is agreement that these high-risk patients should be actively targeted for prevention of ulceration.10 18 19 However, the busy treatment schedule requiring thrice weekly hemodialysis visits may actually present a barrier to accessing good foot care. Only 30% of hemodialysis patients who presented with one or more risk factors for foot ulcerations had attended a podiatrist in 12 months.18 On the other hand, dialysis patients have interactions with nephrology nurses on a regular basis. This relationship between nurse and patient could serve as a basis for preventive and self-care practices, and foot care can be integrated in the regular workflow of a dialysis facility.17 18 Therefore, optimising foot care with routine monthly intradialytic foot checks was implemented at Fresenius Medical Care North America facilities in 2008. Since then, the goal has been for all patients with diabetes to receive routine foot care once a month while attending hemodialysis. The program recommends that patients with foot ulceration be referred to a specialist multidisciplinary foot clinic for further assessment and management according to American Diabetes Association guidelines.27

Strengths and limitations of this study

Our study has limitations—first and foremost its observational nature. However, ethical considerations render a randomized controlled trial of foot checks questionable. Second, our research would be enhanced if we included data on the number of referrals to wound care, podiatry and orthopedics before and after implementation of foot care; unfortunately, this information is not captured in the current data base. Third, a cost–benefit analysis would have been important. Owing to the retrospective nature of our study, key determinants required for cost–benefit analysis were not captured, for example, on the cost side, staff time required for foot checks, supplies utilized, where and how ensuing procedures happened, and the equipment and supplies used during those procedures. In addition, the benefit side of this interventional is even more difficult to quantify. We strongly believe that cost-benefit analysis should be the focus of carefully designed future studies. Fourth, our study is limited to observations made in our dialysis network. However, we believe that the large number of patients treated in facilities across the USA favor the generalizability of the results. In addition to the aforementioned diverse population, another strength of our study is that the foot checks deployed are highly standardized and protocol-driven, making local variations unlikely. Organization of care in dialysis facilities for patients with diabetes with end-stage renal disease could definitely have an impact on the foot disease. On the other hand, the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease is greater in these patients but is often underdiagnosed and undertreated.10 The 2010 KDIGO guidelines recommend screening at the time of dialysis initiation,15 but detection of peripheral arterial disease is problematic due to lack of clarity regarding classic clinical symptoms and diagnostic testing.28 Implementation of a routine foot check is one intervention to reduce the devastating complication of peripheral arterial disease. A next step for future intervention to improve patient-centered outcomes should be to prevent peripheral arterial disease from developing in this very high risk group of patients.28 Despite the encouraging results of our intervention study, there is still a need for further, more effective methods in preventing peripheral arterial disease from developing in renal patients.15

Conclusions

Monthly foot checks are associated with reduction of major lower limb amputations in incident diabetic hemodialysis patients. Implementation of foot checks during dialysis may have the potential to reduce amputations and morbidity, and improve quality of life.