Ye Elaine Wang1, Caitlin Kakigi2, Diego Barbosa2, Travis Porco2, Rebecca Chen3, Sophia Wang4, Yingjie Li5, Kuldev Singh6, Louis R Pasquale7, Shan C Lin8. 1. Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Department of Ophthalmology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. 2. Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California. 3. Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio. 4. Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Kellogg Eye Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 5. Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Third Hospital of Nanchang University Medical School, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China P.R. 6. Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. 7. Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Glaucoma Service, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. 8. Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California. Electronic address: lins@vision.ucsf.edu.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To investigate the association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and glaucoma prevalence in the United States. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 3406 female participants, aged 40 years or older, from the 2005 to 2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, who reported a presence or absence of glaucoma or ocular hypertension completed both the vision and the reproductive health questionnaires and underwent eye examinations. METHODS: Multivariate regression analysis was used to assess the correlation between OC use and self-reported glaucoma or ocular hypertension (n = 231 cases), controlling for potential confounders, including age, ethnicity, systemic comorbidities such as hypertension and stroke, ocular diseases such as cataract and diabetic retinopathy, and reproductive health factors, including age at menopause, age at menarche, history of hormone replacement therapy, and gynecological surgical history. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcome variable was self-reported glaucoma or ocular hypertension. RESULTS: After adjusting for confounders, those with ≥3 years of OC use had greater odds (odds ratio, 1.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.22-3.07) of self-reported glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Other factors associated with higher glaucoma or ocular hypertension prevalence included older age, African American race, and later age at menarche. CONCLUSIONS: Oral contraceptive use may be associated with increased risk of self-reported glaucoma or ocular hypertension.
PURPOSE: To investigate the association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and glaucoma prevalence in the United States. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 3406 female participants, aged 40 years or older, from the 2005 to 2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, who reported a presence or absence of glaucoma or ocular hypertension completed both the vision and the reproductive health questionnaires and underwent eye examinations. METHODS: Multivariate regression analysis was used to assess the correlation between OC use and self-reported glaucoma or ocular hypertension (n = 231 cases), controlling for potential confounders, including age, ethnicity, systemic comorbidities such as hypertension and stroke, ocular diseases such as cataract and diabetic retinopathy, and reproductive health factors, including age at menopause, age at menarche, history of hormone replacement therapy, and gynecological surgical history. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcome variable was self-reported glaucoma or ocular hypertension. RESULTS: After adjusting for confounders, those with ≥3 years of OC use had greater odds (odds ratio, 1.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.22-3.07) of self-reported glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Other factors associated with higher glaucoma or ocular hypertension prevalence included older age, African American race, and later age at menarche. CONCLUSIONS: Oral contraceptive use may be associated with increased risk of self-reported glaucoma or ocular hypertension.
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