Laurence H M Pierrache1, Bas P Hartel2, Erwin van Wijk3, Magda A Meester-Smoor4, Frans P M Cremers3, Elfride de Baere5, Julie de Zaeytijd6, Mary J van Schooneveld7, Cor W R J Cremers8, Gislin Dagnelie9, Carel B Hoyng10, Arthur A Bergen11, Bart P Leroy6, Ronald J E Pennings8, L Ingeborgh van den Born12, Caroline C W Klaver13. 1. The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Rotterdam Ophthalmic Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 2. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head, and Neck Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. 3. Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. 4. The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 5. Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium. 6. Department of Ophthalmology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium. 7. Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 8. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head, and Neck Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. 9. Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. 10. Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. 11. Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 12. The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Rotterdam Ophthalmic Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 13. Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: c.c.w.klaver@erasmusmc.nl.
Abstract
PURPOSE: USH2A mutations are an important cause of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) with or without congenital sensorineural hearing impairment. We studied genotype-phenotype correlations and compared visual prognosis in Usher syndrome type IIa and nonsyndromic RP. DESIGN: Clinic-based, longitudinal, multicenter study. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive patients with Usher syndrome type IIa (n = 152) and nonsyndromic RP (n = 73) resulting from USH2A mutations from ophthalmogenetic clinics in the Netherlands and Belgium. METHODS: Data on clinical characteristics, visual acuity, visual field measurements, retinal imaging, and electrophysiologic features were extracted from medical charts over a mean follow-up of 9 years. Cumulative lifetime risks of low vision and blindness were estimated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Low vision and blindness. RESULTS: Participant groups had similar distributions of gender (48% vs. 45% males in Usher syndrome type IIa vs. nonsydromic RP; P = 0.8), ethnicity (97% vs. 99% European; P = 0.3), and median follow-up time (6.5 years vs. 3 years; P = 0.3). Usher syndrome type IIa patients demonstrated symptoms at a younger age (median age, 15 years vs. 25 years; P < 0.001), were diagnosed earlier (median age, 26 years vs. 36.5 years; P < 0.001), and became visually impaired 13 years earlier (median age, 41 years vs. 54 years; P < 0.001) based on VF and 18 years earlier based on VA (median age, 54 years vs. 72 years; P < 0.001) than nonsyndromic RP patients. The presence of 2 truncating mutations in USH2A was associated mostly with the syndromic phenotype, whereas other combinations were present in both groups. We found novel variants in Usher syndrome type IIa (25%) and nonsyndromic RP (19%): 29 missense mutations, 10 indels, 14 nonsense mutations, 9 frameshift mutations, and 5 splice-site mutations. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients with USH2A-associated RP have severe visual impairment by age 50. However, those with Usher syndrome type IIa have an earlier decline of visual function and a higher cumulative risk of visual impairment than those without nonsyndromic RP. Complete loss of function of the USH2A protein predisposes to Usher syndrome type IIa, but remnant protein function can lead to RP with or without hearing loss.
PURPOSE:USH2A mutations are an important cause of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) with or without congenital sensorineural hearing impairment. We studied genotype-phenotype correlations and compared visual prognosis in Usher syndrome type IIa and nonsyndromic RP. DESIGN: Clinic-based, longitudinal, multicenter study. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive patients with Usher syndrome type IIa (n = 152) and nonsyndromic RP (n = 73) resulting from USH2A mutations from ophthalmogenetic clinics in the Netherlands and Belgium. METHODS: Data on clinical characteristics, visual acuity, visual field measurements, retinal imaging, and electrophysiologic features were extracted from medical charts over a mean follow-up of 9 years. Cumulative lifetime risks of low vision and blindness were estimated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Low vision and blindness. RESULTS:Participant groups had similar distributions of gender (48% vs. 45% males in Usher syndrome type IIa vs. nonsydromic RP; P = 0.8), ethnicity (97% vs. 99% European; P = 0.3), and median follow-up time (6.5 years vs. 3 years; P = 0.3). Usher syndrome type IIapatients demonstrated symptoms at a younger age (median age, 15 years vs. 25 years; P < 0.001), were diagnosed earlier (median age, 26 years vs. 36.5 years; P < 0.001), and became visually impaired 13 years earlier (median age, 41 years vs. 54 years; P < 0.001) based on VF and 18 years earlier based on VA (median age, 54 years vs. 72 years; P < 0.001) than nonsyndromic RP patients. The presence of 2 truncating mutations in USH2A was associated mostly with the syndromic phenotype, whereas other combinations were present in both groups. We found novel variants in Usher syndrome type IIa (25%) and nonsyndromic RP (19%): 29 missense mutations, 10 indels, 14 nonsense mutations, 9 frameshift mutations, and 5 splice-site mutations. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients with USH2A-associated RP have severe visual impairment by age 50. However, those with Usher syndrome type IIa have an earlier decline of visual function and a higher cumulative risk of visual impairment than those without nonsyndromic RP. Complete loss of function of the USH2A protein predisposes to Usher syndrome type IIa, but remnant protein function can lead to RP with or without hearing loss.
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