| Literature DB >> 26910544 |
José Rocha Faria Neto1, Vivian Freitas Rezende Bento2, Cristina Pellegrino Baena1, Marcia Olandoski1, Luis Gonzaga de Oliveira Gonçalves3, Gabriela de Azevedo Abreu4, Maria Cristina Caetano Kuschnir5, Katia Vergetti Bloch6.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the distribution of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides in Brazilian adolescents, as well as the prevalence of altered levels of such parameters. METHODS Data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA) were used. This is a country-wide, school-based cross-sectional study that evaluated 12 to 17-year old adolescents living in cities with over 100,000 inhabitants. The average and distribution of plasma levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were evaluated. Dyslipidemia was determined by levels of total cholesterol ≥ 170 mg/dl, LDL cholesterol ≥ 130 mg/dl, HDL cholesterol < 45 mg/dL, or triglycerides ≥ 130 mg/dl. The data were analyzed by gender, age, and regions in Brazil. RESULTS We evaluated 38,069 adolescents - 59.9% of females, and 54.2% between 15 and 17 years. The average values found were: total cholesterol = 148.1 mg/dl (95%CI 147.1-149.1), HDL cholesterol = 47.3 mg/dl (95%CI 46.7-47.9), LDL cholesterol = 85.3 mg/dl (95%CI 84.5-86.1), and triglycerides = 77.8 mg/dl (95%CI 76.5-79.2). The female adolescents had higher average levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol, without differences in the levels of triglycerides. We did not observe any significant differences between the average values among 12 to 14 and 15- to 17-year old adolescents. The most prevalent lipid alterations were low HDL cholesterol (46.8% [95%CI 44.8-48.9]), hypercholesterolemia (20.1% [95%CI 19.0-21.3]), and hypertriglyceridemia (7.8% [95%CI 7.1-8.6]). High LDL cholesterol was found in 3.5% (95%CI 3.2-4.0) of the adolescents. Prevalence of low HDL cholesterol was higher in Brazil's North and Northeast regions. CONCLUSIONS A significant proportion of Brazilian adolescents has alterations in their plasma lipids. The high prevalence of low HDL cholesterol and hypertriglyceridemia, especially in Brazil's North and Northeast regions, must be analyzed in future studies, to support the creation of strategies for efficient interventions.Entities:
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Year: 2016 PMID: 26910544 PMCID: PMC4767041 DOI: 10.1590/S01518-8787.2016050006723
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Rev Saude Publica ISSN: 0034-8910 Impact factor: 2.106
Methods for laboratory analysis and reference values. ERICA, Brazil, 2013-2014.
| Lipid | Methoda | Equipment | Reference valuesb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Desirable | Threshold | High | |||
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | Enzyme kinetics | ADVIA 2400 Siemens | < 100 | 100-129 | ≥ 130 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | Enzyme kinetics | ADVIA 2400 Siemens | < 150 | 150-169 | ≥ 170 |
| LDLc (mg/dL) | Friedewald Equation | (calculated) | < 100 | 100-129 | ≥ 130 |
| HDLc (mg/dL) | Enzyme colorimetric assay | ADVIA 2400 Siemens | ≥ 45 | - | - |
LDLc: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDLc: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
a Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia (Brazilian Pathology Society).
b V Brazilian Guidelines on Dyslipidemias and Prevention of Atherosclerosis, 2013.
Sample distribution by gender, age range, type of school (public or private), and geographical region. ERICA, Brazil, 2013-2014.
| Variable | Sample | % |
|---|---|---|
| General | 38,069 | 100 |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 15,247 | 40.0 |
| Female | 22,822 | 60.0 |
| Age | ||
| 12-14 years | 17,434 | 45.8 |
| 15-17 years | 20,635 | 54.2 |
| Gender and vage | ||
| Male, 12-14 years | 7,140 | 18.8 |
| Male, 15-17 years | 8,107 | 21.3 |
| Female, 12-14 years | 10,294 | 27.0 |
| Female, 15-17 years | 12,528 | 32.9 |
| School | ||
| Public | 28,167 | 74.0 |
| Private | 9,902 | 26.0 |
| Region | ||
| North | 7,322 | 19.2 |
| Northeast | 11,821 | 31.1 |
| Southeast | 8,653 | 22.7 |
| South | 4,758 | 12.5 |
| Midwest | 5,515 | 14.5 |
Figure 1Distribution of blood levels TC, HDLc, LDLc, and TG in adolescents. ERICA, Brazil, 2013-2014.
Averages and 95%CI of plasma lipids, and prevalence and 95%CI of threshold values and values altered by gender and age range and estimated altered populationa,b. ERICA, Brazil, 2013-2014.
| Lipids | Average | Threshold | High | Population estimated with alterations | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
| |||||
| mg/dl | 95%CI | % | 95%CI | % | 95%CI | ||
| Total cholesterol | |||||||
| All | 148.1 | 147.1-149.1 | 24.2 | 22.7-25.8 | 20.1 | 19.0-21.3 | 2,940,705 |
| Male | 143.6 | 142.4-144.8 | 22.7 | 20.4-25.2 | 15.3 | 13.9-16.9 | 1,256,102 |
| Female | 152.6 | 151.4-153.9 | 25.7 | 24.5-27.0 | 24.9 | 23.4-26.5 | 1,684,602 |
| 12-14 years | 149.4 | 148.0-150.7 | 25.8 | 24.3-27.4 | 20.7 | 19.1-22.5 | 937,793 |
| 15-17 years | 147.1 | 145.8-148.3 | 22.8 | 20.8-24.9 | 19.6 | 18.0-21.2 | 2,002,911 |
| LDLc | |||||||
| All | 85.3 | 84.5-86.1 | 19.5 | 18.5-20.5 | 3.5 | 3.2-4.0 | 1,526,733 |
| Male | 83.4 | 82.2-84.5 | 17.4 | 16.0-18.9 | 2.9 | 2.3-3.6 | 669,805 |
| Female | 87.2 | 86.3-88.1 | 21.5 | 20.2-22.9 | 4.3 | 3.7-4.9 | 856,928 |
| 12-14 years | 86.2 | 85.1-87.3 | 20.6 | 19.0-22.4 | 3.7 | 3.1-4.4 | 467,877 |
| 15-17 years | 84.5 | 83.5-85.5 | 18.4 | 17.2-19.7 | 3.4 | 2.9-4.1 | 1,058,856 |
| Triglycerides | |||||||
| All | 77.8 | 76.5-79.2 | 12.0 | 11.0-13.0 | 7.8 | 7.1-8.6 | 1,312,329 |
| Male | 76.4 | 74.7-78.1 | 10.9 | 9.8-12.2 | 7.6 | 6.5-8.8 | 610,449 |
| Female | 79.3 | 77.8-80.7 | 13.0 | 11.8-14.2 | 8.1 | 7.3-9.0 | 701,880 |
| 12-14 years | 78.9 | 76.7-81.0 | 12.7 | 11.0-14.6 | 8.3 | 7.2-9.5 | 434,638 |
| 15-17 years | 76.9 | 75.8-78.1 | 11.3 | 10.2-12.4 | 7.4 | 6.6-8.4 | 877,690 |
| Low % | |||||||
| HDLc | |||||||
| All | 47.3 | 46.7-47.9 | 46.8 | 44.8-48.9 | - | - | 3,104,161 |
| Male | 44.9 | 44.4-45.5 | 55.9 | 53.7-58.2 | - | - | 1,256,003 |
| Female | 49.6 | 48.9-50.3 | 37.8 | 35.4-40.2 | - | - | 1,848,158 |
| 12-14 years | 47.4 | 46.7-48.1 | 45.0 | 42.3-47.8 | - | - | 819,980 |
| 15-17 years | 47.2 | 46.4-48.0 | 48.4 | 45.9-50.8 | - | - | 2,284,181 |
LDLc: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDLc: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
a alteration = higher threshold values.
b The population estimates for the domains were obtained through the processing of microdata from IBGE’s Demographic Sensuses 2000 and 2010.
Figure 2Prevalence of dyslipidemia according to geographical regions. ERICA, Brazil, 2013-2014.
Métodos da análise laboratorial e valores de referência. ERICA, Brasil, 2013-2014.
| Lipídeo | Métodoa | Equipamento | Valores de referênciab | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Desejável | Limítrofe | Elevado | |||
| Triglicerídeos (mg/dL) | Cinética enzimática | ADVIA 2400 Siemens | < 100 | 100-129 | ≥ 130 |
| Colesterol (mg/dL) | Cinética enzimática | ADVIA 2400 Siemens | < 150 | 150-169 | ≥ 170 |
| LDLc (mg/dL) | Equação de Friedewald | (calculado) | < 100 | 100-129 | ≥ 130 |
| HDLc (mg/dL) | Ensaio colorimétrico enzimático | ADVIA 2400 Siemens | ≥ 45 | - | - |
LDLc: colesterol associado à lipoproteína de baixa densidade; HDLc: colesterol associado à lipoproteína de alta densidade
a Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia.
b V Brazilian Guidelines on Dyslipidemias and Prevention of Atherosclerosis, 2013.
Distribuição da amostra por sexo, grupo etário, tipo de escola (pública ou privada) e região geográfica. ERICA, Brasil, 2013-2014.
| Variável | Amostra | % |
|---|---|---|
| Geral | 38.069 | 100 |
| Sexo | ||
| Masculino | 15.247 | 40,0 |
| Feminino | 22.822 | 60,0 |
| Idade | ||
| 12-14 anos | 17.434 | 45,8 |
| 15-17 anos | 20.635 | 54,2 |
| Sexo e idade | ||
| Masculino, 12-14 anos | 7.140 | 18,8 |
| Masculino, 15-17 anos | 8.107 | 21,3 |
| Feminino, 12-14 anos | 10.294 | 27,0 |
| Feminino, 15-17 anos | 12.528 | 32,9 |
| Escola | ||
| Pública | 28.167 | 74,0 |
| Privada | 9.902 | 26,0 |
| Região | ||
| Norte | 7.322 | 19,2 |
| Nordeste | 11.821 | 31,1 |
| Sudeste | 8.653 | 22,7 |
| Sul | 4.758 | 12,5 |
| Centro-Oeste | 5.515 | 14,5 |
Figura 1Distribuição dos níveis séricos de CT, HDLc, LDLc e TG nos adolescentes. ERICA, Brasil, 2013-2014.
Médias e IC95% dos lípides plasmáticos e prevalência e IC95% de valores limítrofes e alterados por sexo e faixa etária e população estimada com alteraçãoa,b. ERICA, Brasil, 2013-2014.
| Lípides | Média | Limítrofe | Elevado | População estimada com alteração | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
| |||||
| mg/dl | IC95% | % | IC95% | % | IC95% | ||
| Colesterol total | |||||||
| Todos | 148,1 | 147,1-149,1 | 24,2 | 22,7-25,8 | 20,1 | 19,0-21,3 | 2.940.705 |
| Masculino | 143,6 | 142,4-144,8 | 22,7 | 20,4-25,2 | 15,3 | 13,9-16,9 | 1.256.102 |
| Feminino | 152,6 | 151,4-153,9 | 25,7 | 24,5-27,0 | 24,9 | 23,4-26,5 | 1.684.602 |
| 12-14 anos | 149,4 | 148,0-150,7 | 25,8 | 24,3-27,4 | 20,7 | 19,1-22,5 | 937.793 |
| 15-17 anos | 147,1 | 145,8-148,3 | 22,8 | 20,8-24,9 | 19,6 | 18,0-21,2 | 2.002.911 |
| LDLc | |||||||
| Todos | 85,3 | 84,5-86,1 | 19,5 | 18,5-20,5 | 3,5 | 3,2-4,0 | 1.526.733 |
| Masculino | 83,4 | 82,2-84,5 | 17,4 | 16,0-18,9 | 2,9 | 2,3-3,6 | 669.805 |
| Feminino | 87,2 | 86,3-88,1 | 21,5 | 20,2-22,9 | 4,3 | 3,7-4,9 | 856.928 |
| 12-14 anos | 86,2 | 85,1-87,3 | 20,6 | 19,0-22,4 | 3,7 | 3,1-4,4 | 467.877 |
| 15-17 anos | 84,5 | 83,5-85,5 | 18,4 | 17,2-19,7 | 3,4 | 2,9-4,1 | 1058.856 |
| Triglicerídeos | |||||||
| Todos | 77,8 | 76,5-79,2 | 12,0 | 11,0-13,0 | 7,8 | 7,1-8,6 | 1.312.329 |
| Masculino | 76,4 | 74,7-78,1 | 10,9 | 9,8-12,2 | 7,6 | 6,5-8,8 | 610.449 |
| Feminino | 79,3 | 77,8-80,7 | 13,0 | 11,8-14,2 | 8,1 | 7,3-9,0 | 701.880 |
| 12-14 anos | 78,9 | 76,7-81,0 | 12,7 | 11,0-14,6 | 8,3 | 7,2-9,5 | 434.638 |
| 15-17 anos | 76,9 | 75,8-78,1 | 11,3 | 10,2-12,4 | 7,4 | 6,6-8,4 | 877.690 |
| % Baixo | |||||||
| HDLc | |||||||
| Todos | 47,3 | 46,7-47,9 | 46,8 | 44,8-48,9 | - | - | 3.104.161 |
| Masculino | 44,9 | 44,4-45,5 | 55,9 | 53,7-58,2 | - | - | 1.256.003 |
| Feminino | 49,6 | 48,9-50,3 | 37,8 | 35,4-40,2 | - | - | 1.848.158 |
| 12-14 anos | 47,4 | 46,7-48,1 | 45,0 | 42,3-47,8 | - | - | 819.980 |
| 15-17 anos | 47,2 | 46,4-48,0 | 48,4 | 45,9-50,8 | - | - | 2.284.181 |
LDLc: colesterol associado à lipoproteína de baixa densidade; HDLc: colesterol associado à lipoproteína de alta densidade
a alteração = valores limítrofes + elevados.
b As estimativas de população para os domínios foram obtidas por meio de processamento dos microdados dos Censos Demográficos de 2000 e 2010 do IBGE.
Figura 2Prevalência de dislipidemia por região geográfica. ERICA, Brasil, 2013-2014.