Nagako Okuda1, Akira Okayama2, Katsuyuki Miura3,4, Katsushi Yoshita5, Shigeyuki Saito6, Hideaki Nakagawa7, Kiyomi Sakata8, Naoko Miyagawa3, Queenie Chan9, Paul Elliott9, Hirotsugu Ueshima3,4, Jeremiah Stamler10. 1. Department of Health and Nutrition, University of Human Arts and Sciences, 1288 Magome, Iwatsuki-ku, Saitama, 339-8539, Japan. okuda.nagako@gmail.com. 2. Research Institute of Strategy for Prevention, Tokyo, Japan. 3. Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan. 4. Center for Epidemiologic Research in Asia, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan. 5. Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan. 6. School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan. 7. Department of Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Japan. 8. Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan. 9. MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. 10. Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
Abstract
PURPOSE: It is often reported that Na intake levels are higher in Japan than in western countries. Detailed analysis of food intake and its association with Na intake are necessary for supporting further decreases in Na consumption in Japan. We investigated the association between Na and food intake by food group using data from the Japanese participants of the INTERMAP Study. METHOD: Results from the Japanese participants of the INTERMAP Study who did not use antihypertensive medication and/or consume a reduced Na diet were used (531 men and 518 women, aged 40-59 years), obtained from four 24-h dietary recalls and two 24-h urine collections from each participant. We developed a classification system with 46 food group classifications; food consumption and Na intake from these groups were compared across quartiles of participants determined by 24-h urinary Na excretion per unit of body weight (UNa/BW). RESULTS: Average daily Na intake from Japanese high-Na foods was 2552 mg/day. Participants with a higher UNa/BW consumed a significantly greater amount of high-Na Japanese foods, such as salted fish (P = 0.001) and miso soup (P < 0.001). They also had greater amount of rice (P = 0.001). Participants with lower UNa/BW consumed a significantly greater amount of western foods, such as bread (P < 0.001) and milk and dairy products (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Detailed analyses of various Japanese and western food intakes in addition to Na intake were performed. These results can be used to help draw up effective programs for the reduction in Na intake and prevention of prehypertension/hypertension in the Japanese population.
PURPOSE: It is often reported that Na intake levels are higher in Japan than in western countries. Detailed analysis of food intake and its association with Na intake are necessary for supporting further decreases in Na consumption in Japan. We investigated the association between Na and food intake by food group using data from the Japanese participants of the INTERMAP Study. METHOD: Results from the Japanese participants of the INTERMAP Study who did not use antihypertensive medication and/or consume a reduced Na diet were used (531 men and 518 women, aged 40-59 years), obtained from four 24-h dietary recalls and two 24-h urine collections from each participant. We developed a classification system with 46 food group classifications; food consumption and Na intake from these groups were compared across quartiles of participants determined by 24-h urinary Na excretion per unit of body weight (UNa/BW). RESULTS: Average daily Na intake from Japanese high-Na foods was 2552 mg/day. Participants with a higher UNa/BW consumed a significantly greater amount of high-Na Japanese foods, such as salted fish (P = 0.001) and miso soup (P < 0.001). They also had greater amount of rice (P = 0.001). Participants with lower UNa/BW consumed a significantly greater amount of western foods, such as bread (P < 0.001) and milk and dairy products (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Detailed analyses of various Japanese and western food intakes in addition to Na intake were performed. These results can be used to help draw up effective programs for the reduction in Na intake and prevention of prehypertension/hypertension in the Japanese population.
Entities:
Keywords:
24-h urine; Food intake; Japanese diet; Population study; Sodium intake
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