Induction of nephron progenitors and glomeruli from human pluripotent stem cells.

Studies of kidney regeneration using stem cells have progressed rapidly in recent years. Our group has developed a protocol to induce nephron progenitors from both mouse and human pluripotent stem cells which is based on a revised model of early stage kidney specification. The induced progenitors readily reconstitute three-dimensional nephron structures, including glomeruli and renal tubules, in vitro. We can further generate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), in which nephrin-expressing glomerular podocytes are tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP). The sorted GFP-positive cells retain the podocyte-specific molecular and structural features. Upon transplantation, mouse endothelial cells of the host animals are integrated into the human iPSC-derived glomeruli, and the podocytes show further maturation. Other laboratories have reported different protocols to induce nephron structures from human iPSCs in vitro. These findings will accelerate our understanding of kidney development and diseases in humans.