Kash Akhtar1, Kapil Sugand2, Asanka Wijendra3, Muthuswamy Sarvesvaran3, Matthew Sperrin4, Nigel Standfield5, Justin Cobb3, Chinmay Gupte3. 1. Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, Barts Health NHS Trust, QMUL, London, United Kingdom. 2. MSk Lab, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: ks704@ic.ac.uk. 3. MSk Lab, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom. 4. Centre for Health Informatics, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom. 5. Postgraduate School of Surgery, London Deanery, London, United Kingdom.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The primary objective was observing transferability of minimally invasive surgical skills between virtual reality simulators for laparoscopy and arthroscopy. Secondary objectives were to assess face validity and acceptability. DESIGN: Prospective single-blinded crossover randomized controlled trial. SETTING: MSk Laboratory, Imperial College London. PARTICIPANTS: Student doctors naïve to simulation and minimally invasive techniques. METHODS: A total of 72 medical students were randomized into 4 groups (2 control groups and 2 training groups), and tested on haptic virtual reality simulators. Group 1 (control; n = 16) performed a partial laparoscopic cholecystectomy and Group 2 (control; n = 16) performed a diagnostic knee arthroscopy. Both groups then repeated the same task a week later. Group 3 (training; n = 20) completed a partial laparoscopic cholecystectomy, followed by an arthroscopic training program, and repeated the laparoscopic cholecystectomy a week later. Group 4 (training; n = 20) performed a diagnostic knee arthroscopy, followed by a laparoscopic training program, and then repeated the initial arthroscopic test a week later. The time taken, instrument path length, and speed were recorded for each participant and analyzed. RESULTS: Time taken for task: All 4 cohorts were significantly quicker on their second attempt but the 2 training groups outperformed the 2 control groups, with the laparoscopy-trained group improving the most (p < 0.05). Economy of movement: All cohorts had a significant improvement in left hand path length (p < 0.01) but there was no difference for right hand path length. Left hand speed: Only the 2 training groups showed significant improvement with the laparoscopy-trained group improving the most (p < 0.05). Right hand speed: All cohorts improved significantly with the laparoscopy-trained group improving the most (p < 0.05). Face validity and acceptability were established for both simulators. CONCLUSION: This study showed that minimally invasive surgical skills learnt on a laparoscopy simulator are transferable to arthroscopy and vice versa, with greater effect after training on the laparoscopy simulator.
OBJECTIVE: The primary objective was observing transferability of minimally invasive surgical skills between virtual reality simulators for laparoscopy and arthroscopy. Secondary objectives were to assess face validity and acceptability. DESIGN: Prospective single-blinded crossover randomized controlled trial. SETTING: MSk Laboratory, Imperial College London. PARTICIPANTS: Student doctors naïve to simulation and minimally invasive techniques. METHODS: A total of 72 medical students were randomized into 4 groups (2 control groups and 2 training groups), and tested on haptic virtual reality simulators. Group 1 (control; n = 16) performed a partial laparoscopic cholecystectomy and Group 2 (control; n = 16) performed a diagnostic knee arthroscopy. Both groups then repeated the same task a week later. Group 3 (training; n = 20) completed a partial laparoscopic cholecystectomy, followed by an arthroscopic training program, and repeated the laparoscopic cholecystectomy a week later. Group 4 (training; n = 20) performed a diagnostic knee arthroscopy, followed by a laparoscopic training program, and then repeated the initial arthroscopic test a week later. The time taken, instrument path length, and speed were recorded for each participant and analyzed. RESULTS: Time taken for task: All 4 cohorts were significantly quicker on their second attempt but the 2 training groups outperformed the 2 control groups, with the laparoscopy-trained group improving the most (p < 0.05). Economy of movement: All cohorts had a significant improvement in left hand path length (p < 0.01) but there was no difference for right hand path length. Left hand speed: Only the 2 training groups showed significant improvement with the laparoscopy-trained group improving the most (p < 0.05). Right hand speed: All cohorts improved significantly with the laparoscopy-trained group improving the most (p < 0.05). Face validity and acceptability were established for both simulators. CONCLUSION: This study showed that minimally invasive surgical skills learnt on a laparoscopy simulator are transferable to arthroscopy and vice versa, with greater effect after training on the laparoscopy simulator.
Authors: Kevin C Wang; Eamon D Bernardoni; Eric J Cotter; Brian J Cole; Nikhil N Verma; Anthony A Romeo; Charles A Bush-Joseph; Bernard R Bach; Rachel M Frank Journal: Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil Date: 2019-09-26
Authors: Michael L Redondo; David R Christian; Anirudh K Gowd; Brandon C Cabarcas; Gregory Cvetanovich; Bernard R Bach; Anthony A Romeo; Brian J Cole; Nikhil N Verma; Rachel M Frank Journal: Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil Date: 2020-01-19