Future Directions to Establish Lipoprotein(a) as a Treatment for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease.

In both epidemiologic and genetic studies, increased levels of Lp(a) have been associated with increased risk for cardiovascular diseases as well as aortic stenosis. However, until recently, it has been difficult to lower levels of Lp(a). Diet and lifestyle have little effect on plasma levels of Lp(a) which are mainly genetically determined. Emerging therapeutic agents which have recently become available, or which are undergoing clinical trials, can significantly lower Lp(a) levels. Studies with these agents will hopefully be able to provide more direct information whether reductions in Lp(a) will reduce CVD events independently of reduction in LDL-cholesterol levels.