Yonggang Ma1, Andriy Yabluchanskiy2, Rugmani Padmanabhan Iyer2, Presley L Cannon2, Elizabeth R Flynn2, Mira Jung2, Jeffrey Henry2, Courtney A Cates2, Kristine Y Deleon-Pennell2, Merry L Lindsey3. 1. San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center and Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA mllindsey@umc.edu yma@umc.edu. 2. San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center and Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA. 3. San Antonio Cardiovascular Proteomics Center and Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA mllindsey@umc.edu yma@umc.edu.
Abstract
AIMS: Although macrophage phenotypes have been well studied in the myocardial infarction (MI) setting, this study investigated temporal neutrophil polarization and activation mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS: Neutrophils isolated from the infarcted left ventricle (LV) of mice showed high expression of proinflammatory markers at Day 1 and anti-inflammatory markers at Days 5 and 7 post-MI, indicating distinct neutrophil phenotypes along the post-MI time continuum. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that although proinflammatory N1 neutrophils were always predominant (>80% of total neutrophils at each time point), the percentage of N2 neutrophils increased post-MI from 2.4 ± 0.6% at Day 1 to 18.1 ± 3.0% at Day 7. In vitro, peripheral blood neutrophils were polarized to proinflammatory N1 by lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ or anti-inflammatory N2 by interleukin-4, indicating high plasticity potential. The in vivo post-MI relevant LV damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) polarized neutrophils to a proinflammatory N1 phenotype by activating toll-like receptor-4. Transforming growth factor-β1 inhibited proinflammatory production in neutrophils. N1 neutrophils positively correlated with infarct wall thinning at Day 7 post-MI, possibly due to high production of matrix metalloproteinases-12 and -25. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to identify the existence of N1 and N2 neutrophils in the infarct region and reveals that N1 polarization could be mediated by DAMPs. Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved.
AIMS: Although macrophage phenotypes have been well studied in the myocardial infarction (MI) setting, this study investigated temporal neutrophil polarization and activation mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS: Neutrophils isolated from the infarcted left ventricle (LV) of mice showed high expression of proinflammatory markers at Day 1 and anti-inflammatory markers at Days 5 and 7 post-MI, indicating distinct neutrophil phenotypes along the post-MI time continuum. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that although proinflammatory N1 neutrophils were always predominant (>80% of total neutrophils at each time point), the percentage of N2 neutrophils increased post-MI from 2.4 ± 0.6% at Day 1 to 18.1 ± 3.0% at Day 7. In vitro, peripheral blood neutrophils were polarized to proinflammatory N1 by lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ or anti-inflammatory N2 by interleukin-4, indicating high plasticity potential. The in vivo post-MI relevant LV damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) polarized neutrophils to a proinflammatory N1 phenotype by activating toll-like receptor-4. Transforming growth factor-β1 inhibited proinflammatory production in neutrophils. N1 neutrophils positively correlated with infarct wall thinning at Day 7 post-MI, possibly due to high production of matrix metalloproteinases-12 and -25. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to identify the existence of N1 and N2 neutrophils in the infarct region and reveals that N1 polarization could be mediated by DAMPs. Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved.
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