Linda Fabris1, Yvonne Ceder2, Arul M Chinnaiyan3, Guido W Jenster4, Karina D Sorensen5, Scott Tomlins3, Tapio Visakorpi6, George A Calin7. 1. Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. 2. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund, Division of Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. 3. Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. 4. Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 5. Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. 6. Prostate Cancer Research Center (PCRC), Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology (BioMediTech), University of Tampere and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland. 7. Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. Electronic address: gcalin@mdanderson.org.
Abstract
CONTEXT: Short noncoding RNAs known as microRNAs (miRNAs) control protein expression through the degradation of RNA or the inhibition of protein translation. The miRNAs influence a wide range of biologic processes and are often deregulated in cancer. This family of small RNAs constitutes potentially valuable markers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic choices in prostate cancer (PCa) patients, as well as potential drugs (miRNA mimics) or drug targets (anti-miRNAs) in PCa management. OBJECTIVE: To review the currently available data on miRNAs as biomarkers in PCa and as possible tools for early detection and prognosis. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A systematic review was performed searching the PubMed database for articles in English using a combination of the following terms: microRNA, miRNA, cancer, prostate cancer, miRNA profiling, diagnosis, prognosis, therapy response, and predictive marker. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: We summarize the existing literature regarding the profiling of miRNA in PCa detection, prognosis, and response to therapy. The articles were reviewed with the main goal of finding a common recommendation that could be translated from bench to bedside in future clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS: The miRNAs are important regulators of biologic processes in PCa progression. A common expression profile characterizing each tumor subtype and stage has still not been identified for PCa, probably due to molecular heterogeneity as well as differences in study design and patient selection. Large-scale studies that should provide additional important information are still missing. Further studies, based on common clinical parameters and guidelines, are necessary to validate the translational potential of miRNAs in PCa clinical management. Such common signatures are promising in the field and emerge as potential biomarkers. PATIENT SUMMARY: The literature shows that microRNAs hold potential as novel biomarkers that could aid prostate cancer management, but additional studies with larger patient cohorts and common guidelines are necessary before clinical implementation.
CONTEXT: Short noncoding RNAs known as microRNAs (miRNAs) control protein expression through the degradation of RNA or the inhibition of protein translation. The miRNAs influence a wide range of biologic processes and are often deregulated in cancer. This family of small RNAs constitutes potentially valuable markers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic choices in prostate cancer (PCa) patients, as well as potential drugs (miRNA mimics) or drug targets (anti-miRNAs) in PCa management. OBJECTIVE: To review the currently available data on miRNAs as biomarkers in PCa and as possible tools for early detection and prognosis. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A systematic review was performed searching the PubMed database for articles in English using a combination of the following terms: microRNA, miRNA, cancer, prostate cancer, miRNA profiling, diagnosis, prognosis, therapy response, and predictive marker. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: We summarize the existing literature regarding the profiling of miRNA in PCa detection, prognosis, and response to therapy. The articles were reviewed with the main goal of finding a common recommendation that could be translated from bench to bedside in future clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS: The miRNAs are important regulators of biologic processes in PCa progression. A common expression profile characterizing each tumor subtype and stage has still not been identified for PCa, probably due to molecular heterogeneity as well as differences in study design and patient selection. Large-scale studies that should provide additional important information are still missing. Further studies, based on common clinical parameters and guidelines, are necessary to validate the translational potential of miRNAs in PCa clinical management. Such common signatures are promising in the field and emerge as potential biomarkers. PATIENT SUMMARY: The literature shows that microRNAs hold potential as novel biomarkers that could aid prostate cancer management, but additional studies with larger patient cohorts and common guidelines are necessary before clinical implementation.
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