How does α-actinin-3 deficiency alter muscle function? Mechanistic insights into ACTN3, the 'gene for speed'.

An estimated 1.5 billion people worldwide are deficient in the skeletal muscle protein α-actinin-3 due to homozygosity for the common ACTN3 R577X polymorphism. α-Actinin-3 deficiency influences muscle performance in elite athletes and the general population. The sarcomeric α-actinins were originally characterised as scaffold proteins at the muscle Z-line. Through studying the Actn3 knockout mouse and α-actinin-3 deficient humans, significant progress has been made in understanding how ACTN3 genotype alters muscle function, leading to an appreciation of the diverse roles that α-actinins play in muscle. The α-actinins interact with a number of partner proteins, which broadly fall into three biological pathways-structural, metabolic and signalling. Differences in functioning of these pathways have been identified in α-actinin-3 deficient muscle that together contributes to altered muscle performance in mice and humans. Here we discuss new insights that have been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie the consequences of α-actinin-3 deficiency.