Role of Irisin on the bone-muscle functional unit.

Irisin was originally recognized as a hormone-like myokine secreted as a product of fibronectin type III domain containing 5 from skeletal muscle in response to exercise both in mice and humans. The first role attributed to Irisin was its ability to induce trans-differentiation of white adipose tissue into brown, but we recently demonstrated that Irisin also has a central role in the control of bone mass, even at lower concentration than required to induce the browning response. Considering how physical exercise is important for the development of an efficient load-bearing skeleton, we can now consider this myokine as one of the molecules responsible for the positive correlation between exercise and healthy bone, linking to the well-established relationship between muscle and bone. Recombinant Irisin (r-Irisin), administered at low dose in young mice, increases cortical bone mineral density and positively modifies bone geometry. Irisin exerts its effect prevalently on osteoblast lineage by enhancing differentiation and activity of bone-forming cells, through the increase in activating transcription factor 4 expression. Low-dose r-Irisin also increases osteopontin and decreases sclerostin synthesis but did not affect Uncoupling protein 1 expression in white adipose tissue, whose upregulation is known to cause browning of fat, when Irisin is administered at a higher dose. These findings offer an explanation to the positive outcome on the skeleton triggered by skeletal muscle during physical activity and prove that the bone tissue is more sensitive than the adipose tissue to the Irisin action.