Wenwei Ren1, Yingying Gu1, Lin Zhu1, Liping Wang1, Yaling Chang1, Mengjiao Yan1, Bin Han1, Jincai He2. 1. Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. 2. Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. Electronic address: hjc@wmu.edu.cn.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The association between low vitamin D levels and depression has been well documented in nonstroke subjects. Accumulating evidence shows that low vitamin D levels may be also associated with depression post stroke. Cigarette smoking was associated with lower vitamin D levels. The purposes of this study were to compare vitamin D levels in smokers to nonsmokers and examine the association between vitamin D levels and depression symptoms in patients with acute ischemic stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were measured in 194 males within 24h after admission: 116 smokers and 78 nonsmokers. Depression symptoms were assessed with the 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17). Patients with the HAMD-17 score >7 were identified to have depression symptoms. RESULTS: The chi-square test showed that the frequency of depression in the smoker group was 23.3% (27/116), which was significantly higher than that in the nonsmoker group (11.5%=9/78), with an odds ratios (OR) of 2.33 (95% CI: 1.03-5.27; χ(2)=4.25, df=1, p=0.039, φ=0.15). Vitamin D levels were significantly lower in smokers than in nonsmokers (52.4±20.8 vs 61.7±19.2; F=9.88, p=0.002), with an effect size of 0.05 (ηp(2)). Patients with depression symptoms showed lower vitamin D levels than those with no depression symptoms (49.2±19.6 vs 57.7±20.6; F=5.03, p=0.03), with an effect size of 0.03 (ηp(2)). CONCLUSION: Higher rates of depression in smokers with acute ischemic stroke may be associated with lower vitamin D levels induced by smoking.
OBJECTIVE: The association between low vitamin D levels and depression has been well documented in nonstroke subjects. Accumulating evidence shows that low vitamin D levels may be also associated with depression post stroke. Cigarette smoking was associated with lower vitamin D levels. The purposes of this study were to compare vitamin D levels in smokers to nonsmokers and examine the association between vitamin D levels and depression symptoms in patients with acute ischemic stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were measured in 194 males within 24h after admission: 116 smokers and 78 nonsmokers. Depression symptoms were assessed with the 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17). Patients with the HAMD-17 score >7 were identified to have depression symptoms. RESULTS: The chi-square test showed that the frequency of depression in the smoker group was 23.3% (27/116), which was significantly higher than that in the nonsmoker group (11.5%=9/78), with an odds ratios (OR) of 2.33 (95% CI: 1.03-5.27; χ(2)=4.25, df=1, p=0.039, φ=0.15). Vitamin D levels were significantly lower in smokers than in nonsmokers (52.4±20.8 vs 61.7±19.2; F=9.88, p=0.002), with an effect size of 0.05 (ηp(2)). Patients with depression symptoms showed lower vitamin D levels than those with no depression symptoms (49.2±19.6 vs 57.7±20.6; F=5.03, p=0.03), with an effect size of 0.03 (ηp(2)). CONCLUSION: Higher rates of depression in smokers with acute ischemic stroke may be associated with lower vitamin D levels induced by smoking.
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