Stephen J Freedland1,2, Lauren E Howard3,4, Brian T Hanyok3, Vishnu K Kadiyala3, Jameson Y Kuang3, Colette A Whitney3, Floyd R Wilks3, Christopher J Kane5,6, Martha K Terris7,8, Christopher L Amling9, Matthew R Cooperberg10,11, William J Aronson12,13, Daniel M Moreira14. 1. Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. stephen.freedland@cshs.org. 2. Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. stephen.freedland@cshs.org. 3. Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. 4. Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. 5. Department of Urology, University of California at San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA. 6. Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA. 7. Urology Section, Division of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, Augusta, GA, USA. 8. Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA. 9. Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA. 10. Departments of Urology and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. 11. Urology Section, Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA. 12. Urology Section, Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 13. Department of Urology, University of California at Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 14. Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To test the external validity of a previously developed risk table, designed to predict the probability of a positive bone scan among men with non-metastatic (M0) castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), in a separate cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analysed 429 bone scans of 281 patients with CRPC, with no known previous metastases, treated at three Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. We assessed the predictors of a positive scan using generalized estimating equations. Area under the curve (AUC), calibration plots and decision-curve analysis were used to assess the performance of our previous model to predict a positive scan in the current data. RESULTS: A total of 113 scans (26%) were positive. On multivariable analysis, the only significant predictors of a positive scan were log-transformed prostate-specific antigen (PSA): hazard ratio (HR) 2.13; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.71-2.66 (P < 0.001) and log-transformed PSA doubling time (PSADT): HR 0.53; 95% CI 0.41-0.68 (P < 0.001). Among men with a PSA level <5 ng/mL, the rate of positive scans was 5%. The previously developed risk table had an AUC of 0.735 to predict positive bone scan with excellent calibration, and provided additional net benefit in the decision-curve analysis. CONCLUSION: We have validated our previously developed table to predict the risk of a positive bone scan among men with M0/Mx CRPC. Use of this risk table may allow better tailoring of patients' scanning to identify metastases early, while minimizing over-imaging. Regardless of PSADT, positive bone scans were rare in men with a PSA <5 ng/mL.
OBJECTIVES: To test the external validity of a previously developed risk table, designed to predict the probability of a positive bone scan among men with non-metastatic (M0) castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), in a separate cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analysed 429 bone scans of 281 patients with CRPC, with no known previous metastases, treated at three Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. We assessed the predictors of a positive scan using generalized estimating equations. Area under the curve (AUC), calibration plots and decision-curve analysis were used to assess the performance of our previous model to predict a positive scan in the current data. RESULTS: A total of 113 scans (26%) were positive. On multivariable analysis, the only significant predictors of a positive scan were log-transformed prostate-specific antigen (PSA): hazard ratio (HR) 2.13; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.71-2.66 (P < 0.001) and log-transformed PSA doubling time (PSADT): HR 0.53; 95% CI 0.41-0.68 (P < 0.001). Among men with a PSA level <5 ng/mL, the rate of positive scans was 5%. The previously developed risk table had an AUC of 0.735 to predict positive bone scan with excellent calibration, and provided additional net benefit in the decision-curve analysis. CONCLUSION: We have validated our previously developed table to predict the risk of a positive bone scan among men with M0/Mx CRPC. Use of this risk table may allow better tailoring of patients' scanning to identify metastases early, while minimizing over-imaging. Regardless of PSADT, positive bone scans were rare in men with a PSA <5 ng/mL.
Authors: E David Crawford; Nelson N Stone; Evan Y Yu; Phillip J Koo; Stephen J Freedland; Susan F Slovin; Leonard G Gomella; E Roy Berger; Thomas E Keane; Paul Sieber; Neal D Shore; Daniel P Petrylak Journal: Urology Date: 2014-01-08 Impact factor: 2.649
Authors: Matthew R Smith; Fairooz Kabbinavar; Fred Saad; Arif Hussain; Marc C Gittelman; David L Bilhartz; Chris Wynne; Robin Murray; Norman R Zinner; Claude Schulman; Ronald Linnartz; Ming Zheng; Carsten Goessl; Yong-Jiang Hei; Eric J Small; Richard Cook; Celestia S Higano Journal: J Clin Oncol Date: 2005-05-01 Impact factor: 44.544
Authors: Katharine N Sourbeer; Lauren E Howard; Daniel M Moreira; Hiruni S Amarasekara; Lydia D Chow; Dillon C Cockrell; Brian T Hanyok; Connor L Pratson; Christopher J Kane; Martha K Terris; William J Aronson; Matthew R Cooperberg; Christopher L Amling; Rohini K Hernandez; Stephen J Freedland Journal: J Urol Date: 2014-11-13 Impact factor: 7.450
Authors: Onisuru T Okotie; William J Aronson; Jeff A Wieder; Yen Liao; Fred Dorey; Jean B DeKERNION; Stephen J Freedland Journal: J Urol Date: 2004-06 Impact factor: 7.450
Authors: Howard I Scher; Susan Halabi; Ian Tannock; Michael Morris; Cora N Sternberg; Michael A Carducci; Mario A Eisenberger; Celestia Higano; Glenn J Bubley; Robert Dreicer; Daniel Petrylak; Philip Kantoff; Ethan Basch; William Kevin Kelly; William D Figg; Eric J Small; Tomasz M Beer; George Wilding; Alison Martin; Maha Hussain Journal: J Clin Oncol Date: 2008-03-01 Impact factor: 44.544
Authors: Michael S Cookson; Bruce J Roth; Philipp Dahm; Christine Engstrom; Stephen J Freedland; Maha Hussain; Daniel W Lin; William T Lowrance; Mohammad Hassan Murad; William K Oh; David F Penson; Adam S Kibel Journal: J Urol Date: 2013-05-09 Impact factor: 7.450
Authors: Lauren E Howard; Daniel M Moreira; Amanda De Hoedt; William J Aronson; Christopher J Kane; Christopher L Amling; Matthew R Cooperberg; Martha K Terris; Stephen J Freedland Journal: BJU Int Date: 2017-04-30 Impact factor: 5.588
Authors: Ashley W Johnston; Thomas A Longo; Leah Gerber Davis; Daniel Zapata; Stephen J Freedland; Jonathan C Routh Journal: Int Braz J Urol Date: 2020 Jan-Feb Impact factor: 1.541
Authors: M E Menezes; S K Das; I Minn; L Emdad; X-Y Wang; D Sarkar; M G Pomper; P B Fisher Journal: Adv Cancer Res Date: 2016-08-17 Impact factor: 6.242