Ofer Agid1, Krysta Mcdonald2, Gagan Fervaha3, Romie Littrell4, Jessica Thoma5, Robert B Zipursky6, George Foussias5, Gary Remington7. 1. Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario; Staff Psychiatrist and Clinician Scientist,, Complex Mental Illness Program, Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario. 2. Researcher, Complex Mental Illness Program, Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario. 3. Doctoral Student, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario. 4. Associate Professor, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand. 5. Psychiatrist, Complex Mental Illness Program, Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario. 6. Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario. 7. Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Complex Mental Illness Program, Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Functional impairment continues to represent a major challenge in schizophrenia. Surprisingly, patients with schizophrenia report a level of happiness comparable with control subjects, even in the face of the prominent functional deficits, a finding at odds with evidence indicating a positive relation between happiness and level of functioning. In attempting to reconcile these findings, we chose to examine the issue of values, defined as affectively infused criteria or motivational goals used to select and justify actions, people, and the self, as values are related to both happiness and functioning. METHODS: Fifty-six first-episode patients in remission and 56 healthy control subjects completed happiness and values measures. Statistical analyses included correlations, analysis of variance, structural equation modelling, and smallest space analysis. RESULTS: Results indicated that patients with schizophrenia placed significantly greater priority on the value dimensions of Tradition (P = 0.02) and Power (P = 0.03), and significantly less priority on Self-direction (P = 0.007) and Stimulation, (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Essentially, people with schizophrenia place more emphasis on the customs and ideas that traditional culture or religion provide in conjunction with a decreased interest in change, which is at odds with the expectations of early adulthood. This value difference could be related to functional deficits. To this point, we have assumed that people hold to the same values that guided them before the illness' onset, but this may not be the case. Our study indicates that values differ in people with schizophrenia, compared with control subjects, even early in the illness and in the face of symptomatic remission.
OBJECTIVE: Functional impairment continues to represent a major challenge in schizophrenia. Surprisingly, patients with schizophrenia report a level of happiness comparable with control subjects, even in the face of the prominent functional deficits, a finding at odds with evidence indicating a positive relation between happiness and level of functioning. In attempting to reconcile these findings, we chose to examine the issue of values, defined as affectively infused criteria or motivational goals used to select and justify actions, people, and the self, as values are related to both happiness and functioning. METHODS: Fifty-six first-episode patients in remission and 56 healthy control subjects completed happiness and values measures. Statistical analyses included correlations, analysis of variance, structural equation modelling, and smallest space analysis. RESULTS: Results indicated that patients with schizophrenia placed significantly greater priority on the value dimensions of Tradition (P = 0.02) and Power (P = 0.03), and significantly less priority on Self-direction (P = 0.007) and Stimulation, (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Essentially, people with schizophrenia place more emphasis on the customs and ideas that traditional culture or religion provide in conjunction with a decreased interest in change, which is at odds with the expectations of early adulthood. This value difference could be related to functional deficits. To this point, we have assumed that people hold to the same values that guided them before the illness' onset, but this may not be the case. Our study indicates that values differ in people with schizophrenia, compared with control subjects, even early in the illness and in the face of symptomatic remission.
Authors: Barton W Palmer; Averria Sirkin Martin; Colin A Depp; Danielle K Glorioso; Dilip V Jeste Journal: Schizophr Res Date: 2014-08-18 Impact factor: 4.939
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