Brendon Stubbs1,2, Davy Vancampfort3,4, Simon Rosenbaum5, Philip B Ward5, Justin Richards6, Michael Ussher7, Felipe B Schuch8,9. 1. Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AZ, UK. brendonstubbs@hotmail.com. 2. Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Box SE5 8AF, London, UK. brendonstubbs@hotmail.com. 3. Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. 4. KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Z.org Leuven, campus Kortenberg, Kortenberg, Belgium. 5. School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia. 6. School of Public Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. 7. Population Health Research Institute, St. George's University of London, London, UK. 8. Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil. 9. Graduate Program in Medical Sciences-Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Whilst previous meta-analyses have demonstrated that control group responses (CGRs) can negatively influence antidepressant efficacy, no such meta-analysis exists in exercise randomised controlled trials (RCTs). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating CGRs and predictors in control groups of exercise RCTs among adults with depression. METHODS: Three authors acquired RCTs from a previous Cochrane review (2013) and conducted updated searches of major databases from January 2013 to August 2015. We included exercise RCTs that (1) involved adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) or depressive symptoms; (2) measured depressive symptoms pre- and post-intervention using a validated measure [e.g. Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D)]; and (3) included a non-active control group. A random effects meta-analysis calculating the standardised mean difference (SMD) together with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) was employed to determine CGR. RESULTS: Across 41 studies, 1122 adults with depression were included [mean (SD) age 50 (18) years, 63 % female]. A large CGR of improved depressive symptoms was evident across all studies (SMD -0.920, 95 % CI -1.11 to -0.729). CGRs were elevated across all subgroup analyses, including high quality studies (n = 11, SMD -1.430, 95 % CI -1.771 to -1.090) and MDD participants (n = 18, SMD -1.248, 95 % CI = -1.585 to -0.911). The CGR equated to an improvement of -7.5 points on the HAM-D (95 % CI -10.30 to -4.89). In MDD participants, increasing age moderated a smaller CGR, while the percentage of drop-outs, baseline depressive symptoms and a longer control group duration moderated a larger CGR (i.e. improvement) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In order to demonstrate effectiveness, exercise has to overcome a powerful CGR of approximately double that reported for antidepressant RCTS.
BACKGROUND: Whilst previous meta-analyses have demonstrated that control group responses (CGRs) can negatively influence antidepressant efficacy, no such meta-analysis exists in exercise randomised controlled trials (RCTs). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating CGRs and predictors in control groups of exercise RCTs among adults with depression. METHODS: Three authors acquired RCTs from a previous Cochrane review (2013) and conducted updated searches of major databases from January 2013 to August 2015. We included exercise RCTs that (1) involved adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) or depressive symptoms; (2) measured depressive symptoms pre- and post-intervention using a validated measure [e.g. Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D)]; and (3) included a non-active control group. A random effects meta-analysis calculating the standardised mean difference (SMD) together with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) was employed to determine CGR. RESULTS: Across 41 studies, 1122 adults with depression were included [mean (SD) age 50 (18) years, 63 % female]. A large CGR of improved depressive symptoms was evident across all studies (SMD -0.920, 95 % CI -1.11 to -0.729). CGRs were elevated across all subgroup analyses, including high quality studies (n = 11, SMD -1.430, 95 % CI -1.771 to -1.090) and MDDparticipants (n = 18, SMD -1.248, 95 % CI = -1.585 to -0.911). The CGR equated to an improvement of -7.5 points on the HAM-D (95 % CI -10.30 to -4.89). In MDDparticipants, increasing age moderated a smaller CGR, while the percentage of drop-outs, baseline depressive symptoms and a longer control group duration moderated a larger CGR (i.e. improvement) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In order to demonstrate effectiveness, exercise has to overcome a powerful CGR of approximately double that reported for antidepressant RCTS.
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