Yasser M Alatawi1, Jan Kavookjian2, Gladys Ekong2, Meshari M Alrayees3. 1. Department of Health Outcomes Research and Policy, Auburn University, 020 James E. Foy Hall, 282 W. Thach Avenue, Auburn, AL 36849-5506, USA; Clinical Pharmacy Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abidiyya, P.O. Box: 13174, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: yma0002@auburn.edu. 2. Department of Health Outcomes Research and Policy, Auburn University, 020 James E. Foy Hall, 282 W. Thach Avenue, Auburn, AL 36849-5506, USA. 3. Pharmacy Department, King Salman Armed Forces Hospital in Northwest Region, 7761 Military Area, Tabuk 47512-5644, Saudi Arabia.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and microvascular complications. Approximately 20.5% of adults between the ages of 20-79 are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in Saudi Arabia. Nonadherence with type 2 diabetes medications is an established contributor to higher prevalence in other countries. No published studies have used a theoretical framework to explain or predict medication-taking behavior in Saudi Arabian type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate type 2 diabetes medication adherence using a theoretical framework, the Health Belief Model (HBM). The specific objectives were to 1) assess self-report of medication-taking in a Saudi T2D convenience sample; 2) investigate self-reported HBM constructs for T2D, its complications, and medication-taking in this sample, and 3) test the ability for self-reported health beliefs to predict specific medication-taking behaviors among the sample. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a convenience sample at an outpatient pharmacy in Saudi Arabia. Adult type 2 diabetes patients on at least one prescribed diabetes medication, who were cognitively capable, and came themselves for prescription pickup, were eligible to participate. Patients completed a questionnaire or were interviewed. Data were collected for demographics, medical history, self-reported medication adherence, and type 2 diabetes medication-taking HBM items. Three measures collected self-report of medication adherence: new multi-dimensional adherence measure (MDAM), previously validated stage of change, and medication-taking recall- 7days (MTR-7). Descriptive statistics were generated and regression analyses were used to explain self-report of adherence. RESULTS: Just over half (54%) of the 220 participants were male, mean age was 52 ± 11.2 years, and most (59%) had less than high school education. Approximately 58% were on oral medications only and the rest were on either insulin alone or a combination of oral and insulin; 16.7% reported knowing their hemoglobin A1C (A1C). For adherence, most reported taking the prescribed dose every time taken; however, 60% were not taking it the prescribed number of times per day and 50%, not the prescribed time of day (interval). Over 40% reported low adherence on stage of change and MTR-7. Perceived susceptibility, perceived medication benefits, and self-efficacy were significant HBM predictors for medication adherence (R2 = 0.42). CONCLUSIONS: The MDAM has research and practice potential because it evaluates sub-behaviors of medication-taking separately and as a score. Patient perceptions and beliefs should be assessed as part of a patient-centered medication adherence intervention.
BACKGROUND:Type 2 diabetes is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and microvascular complications. Approximately 20.5% of adults between the ages of 20-79 are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in Saudi Arabia. Nonadherence with type 2 diabetes medications is an established contributor to higher prevalence in other countries. No published studies have used a theoretical framework to explain or predict medication-taking behavior in Saudi Arabian type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate type 2 diabetes medication adherence using a theoretical framework, the Health Belief Model (HBM). The specific objectives were to 1) assess self-report of medication-taking in a Saudi T2D convenience sample; 2) investigate self-reported HBM constructs for T2D, its complications, and medication-taking in this sample, and 3) test the ability for self-reported health beliefs to predict specific medication-taking behaviors among the sample. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a convenience sample at an outpatient pharmacy in Saudi Arabia. Adult type 2 diabetespatients on at least one prescribed diabetes medication, who were cognitively capable, and came themselves for prescription pickup, were eligible to participate. Patients completed a questionnaire or were interviewed. Data were collected for demographics, medical history, self-reported medication adherence, and type 2 diabetes medication-taking HBM items. Three measures collected self-report of medication adherence: new multi-dimensional adherence measure (MDAM), previously validated stage of change, and medication-taking recall- 7days (MTR-7). Descriptive statistics were generated and regression analyses were used to explain self-report of adherence. RESULTS: Just over half (54%) of the 220 participants were male, mean age was 52 ± 11.2 years, and most (59%) had less than high school education. Approximately 58% were on oral medications only and the rest were on either insulin alone or a combination of oral and insulin; 16.7% reported knowing their hemoglobin A1C (A1C). For adherence, most reported taking the prescribed dose every time taken; however, 60% were not taking it the prescribed number of times per day and 50%, not the prescribed time of day (interval). Over 40% reported low adherence on stage of change and MTR-7. Perceived susceptibility, perceived medication benefits, and self-efficacy were significant HBM predictors for medication adherence (R2 = 0.42). CONCLUSIONS: The MDAM has research and practice potential because it evaluates sub-behaviors of medication-taking separately and as a score. Patient perceptions and beliefs should be assessed as part of a patient-centered medication adherence intervention.
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