Alok Bhargava1. 1. University of Maryland School of Public Policy, College Park, MD bhargava@umd.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Interactions between nutrition and infections in developing countries are complex, and analyses of the interrelations require data from longitudinal studies that span several years and a comprehensive framework facilitating the formulation of food and health policies. OBJECTIVE: The effects of dietary intakes in the Philippines for birth outcomes, heights, weights, and morbidity during ages 2-24 mo; heights and weights during ages 8-19 y; and completed adult heights were analyzed. METHODS: Data on >3000 children from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey were modeled in 4 sets of analyses. Cross-sectional and multilevel models were estimated for length and weight at birth. Dynamic random-effects models were estimated for children's heights, weights, and morbidity levels during ages 2-24 mo. Children's heights and weights during ages 8-19 y were modeled by using random-effects models. Children's heights at age 22 y were modeled for investigating the effects of nutritional intakes in early childhood and in adolescence. RESULTS: Maternal anthropometric indicators, energy intakes, and sociodemographic variables were significantly associated with children's length and weight at birth. Dynamic models for children's heights and weights during ages 2-24 mo showed significant effects of calcium and protein intakes; child morbidity levels were significantly associated with height and weight. Higher β-carotene intakes were significantly associated with lower morbidity levels. Analyses of data on children during ages 8-19 y showed significant effects of protein and calcium intakes and of morbidity levels on heights and weights. Models for children's heights at age 22 y indicated significant effects of protein and calcium intakes during early childhood and in adolescence. CONCLUSIONS: The results underscored the need for formulating long-term food and health policies for the Philippines that enhance children's physical development and ultimately their adult stature, which is important for physical work capacity and labor productivity.
BACKGROUND: Interactions between nutrition and infections in developing countries are complex, and analyses of the interrelations require data from longitudinal studies that span several years and a comprehensive framework facilitating the formulation of food and health policies. OBJECTIVE: The effects of dietary intakes in the Philippines for birth outcomes, heights, weights, and morbidity during ages 2-24 mo; heights and weights during ages 8-19 y; and completed adult heights were analyzed. METHODS: Data on >3000 children from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey were modeled in 4 sets of analyses. Cross-sectional and multilevel models were estimated for length and weight at birth. Dynamic random-effects models were estimated for children's heights, weights, and morbidity levels during ages 2-24 mo. Children's heights and weights during ages 8-19 y were modeled by using random-effects models. Children's heights at age 22 y were modeled for investigating the effects of nutritional intakes in early childhood and in adolescence. RESULTS: Maternal anthropometric indicators, energy intakes, and sociodemographic variables were significantly associated with children's length and weight at birth. Dynamic models for children's heights and weights during ages 2-24 mo showed significant effects of calcium and protein intakes; child morbidity levels were significantly associated with height and weight. Higher β-carotene intakes were significantly associated with lower morbidity levels. Analyses of data on children during ages 8-19 y showed significant effects of protein and calcium intakes and of morbidity levels on heights and weights. Models for children's heights at age 22 y indicated significant effects of protein and calcium intakes during early childhood and in adolescence. CONCLUSIONS: The results underscored the need for formulating long-term food and health policies for the Philippines that enhance children's physical development and ultimately their adult stature, which is important for physical work capacity and labor productivity.
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