| Literature DB >> 26657553 |
HyeRin Roh, KeunMi Lee, Eunkyung Eo, Young Sun Hong, Hakseung Lee, Byung Woo Jang, Byoung Doo Rhee.
Abstract
The aim of this report was to discuss the development and content of a guide on clinical performance and basic clinical skills for medical students. We published the first edition of this guide in 2010 and will publish the second edition in 2016. Initially, we took a survey on important clinical presentations and fundamental clinical and technical skills in 41 medical schools in Korea. Ultimately, we chose 80 core clinical presentations and 56 clinical skills. In the guide to basic clinical skills, we described the physical examination and technical skills according to the preprocedural preparation, procedure, and postprocedural process. In the guide on clinical performance, we reviewed patient encounters-from history taking and the physical examination to patient education. We included communication skills, principles of patient safety, and clinical reasoning schemes into the guides. In total, 43 academic faculty members helped develop the basic clinical skills guide, 75 participated in establishing the clinical performance guide, and 16 advisors from 14 medical specialty societies contributed to the guide. These guides can help medical students approach patients holistically and safely.Entities:
Keywords: Clinical competence; Procedures; Scheme; Technical skills
Mesh:
Year: 2015 PMID: 26657553 PMCID: PMC8814512 DOI: 10.3946/kjme.2015.27.4.309
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Korean J Med Educ ISSN: 2005-727X
Changes in Basic Clinical Skills between the First and Second Edition Guides
| Contents | 2010 (version 1.0) | 2016 (version 2.0) |
|---|---|---|
| Total number | 49 | 56 |
| Basic physical examinations | Measuring blood pressure | Measuring blood pressure |
| Eye examination | Visual acuity examination | |
| Fundus examination | Eye and ophthalmoscopic examination | |
| Auditory acuity testing | Auditory acuity examination | |
| Ear and otoscopic examination | Ear and otoscopic examination | |
| Neck examination | Neck examination: oral cavity, lymph node, and thyroid | |
| Chest/lung examination | Chest and lung examination | |
| Heart examination | Heart examination | |
| Breast examination | Breast examination | |
| Abdominal examination | Abdominal examination | |
| Anorectal examination | Male external genitalia examination | |
| Female pelvic and external genitalia examination | ||
| Anorectal examination | ||
| Peripheral vascular examinations | ||
| Mental status examination | Korean mini-mental status examination | Korean mini-mental status examination |
| Neurological examinations | Cranial nerve examination | Cranial nerve function test |
| Meningeal signs | Meningeal irritation signs | |
| Motor function examination | Motor system examination | |
| Sensory function examination | Sensory system examination | |
| Reflex examination | Reflex examination | |
| Cerebellar function examination | Cerebellar function test | |
| Surgical procedures | Lacerated wound dressing | Wound dressing |
| Sutured wound dressing | Burn dressing | |
| Burn dressing | Local anesthesia | |
| Abscess incision and drainage | Abscess incision and drainage | |
| Local anesthesia | Sutures | |
| Suturing | Surgical hand scrubbing and gowning | |
| Surgical hand scrubbing | ||
| Vascular and injection procedures | Venipuncture for blood sampling | Venipuncture for blood sampling |
| Blood culture | Blood culture | |
| Arterial puncture | Arterial puncture | |
| Intradermal injection | Intradermal injection | |
| Subcutaneous injection | Subcutaneous injection | |
| Intramuscular injection | Intramuscular injection | |
| Intravenous injection | Intravenous injection | |
| Intravenous cannulation | Intravenous cannulation | |
| Blood transfusion | Blood transfusion | |
| Emergent procedures | Adult basic life support | Adult basic life support and defibrillation |
| Adult endotracheal intubation | Trauma in adults | |
| Defibrillation | Adult endotracheal intubation | |
| Foreign body airway obstruction | Endotracheal suction | |
| Basic trauma life support | Foreign body airway obstruction | |
| Upper extremities prehospital splinting | Upper and lower extremities splinting | |
| Urological procedures | Male urethral catheterization | Male urethral catheterization |
| Female urethral catheterization | Female urethral catheterization | |
| Urine collection for culture | ||
| Obstetric and gynecological procedures | Wet smear of the vagina and cervix | Wet smear |
| Papanicolaou smear | Papanicolaou smear | |
| Examination before delivery | Fetal assessment in 3rd trimester | |
| Examination during labor | ||
| Miscellaneous procedures | Chest X-ray presentation | Chest X-ray presentation |
| Electrocardiography | Abdomen X-ray presentation | |
| Spinal puncture | Electrocardiography | |
| Nasogastric tube insertion | ||
| Lumbar puncture | ||
| Thoracentesis | ||
| Paracentesis | ||
| Arthrocentesis | ||
| Appendix | Teaching and learning strategies | |
| Index |
Changes in Basic Clinical Skills in the Guide
| Contents | 2010 (version 1.0) | 2011 (version 1.1) | 2013 (version 1.2) | 2014 (version 1.3) | 2015 (version 1.4) | 2016 (version 2.0) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total number | 49 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 53 | 56 |
| Basic physical examinations | 11 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 |
| Mental status examination | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Neurological examinations | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Surgical procedures | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Vascular and injection procedures | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Emergent procedures | 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 6 |
| Urological procedures | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Obstetric and gynecological procedures | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Miscellaneous procedures | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 8 |
Changes in Clinical Performance Content between the First and Second Edition Guides
| Contents | 2010 (version 1.0) | Contents | 2016 (version 2.0) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General introduction | Basic concepts | Clinical problem-solving | General introduction | How to teach and learn | Real world problem-solving with schema |
| Clinical communication | |||||
| Medical recording | Teaching and learning strategies | ||||
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| Flow of clinical practice | Initiating the encounter | Communication | Communicating with patients | ||
| Gathering information | Medical recording | ||||
| Physical examination | Patient reporting | ||||
| Sharing information | |||||
| Closing the encounter | |||||
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| Particular symptoms and signs | General | Altered mental status | Particular symptoms and signs | General conditions | Fever |
| Dizziness | Weight loss | ||||
| Headache | Fatigue | ||||
| Fever | Edema | ||||
| Fatigue | Irritable/crying baby | ||||
| Weight loss | Lethargic child | ||||
| Weight gain |
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| Bruising | Skin | Rash | |||
| Developmental delay | Urticaria | ||||
| Skin rash | Bruising | ||||
| Child seizure | Jaundice | ||||
| Polyuria |
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| Insomnia | Head and neck | Sudden bursting headache | |||
| Infant and child immunization | Recurrent headache | ||||
| Runny nose | |||||
| Red eyes | |||||
| Anterior neck mass | |||||
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| Respiratory and cardiovascular | Rhinorrhea | Chest | Cough | ||
| Cough | Bloody sputum | ||||
| Hemoptysis | Shortness of breath | ||||
| Dyspnea | Pediatric respiratory distress | ||||
| Chest pain | Chest pain | ||||
| Palpitation | Palpitation | ||||
| Syncope |
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| Hypertension | Breast | Breast lump | |||
| Mastalgia | |||||
| Nipple discharge | |||||
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| Particular symptoms and signs | Gastrointestinal | Acute upper abdominal pain | Particular symptoms and signs | Abdomen | Epigastric discomfort |
| Acute lower abdominal pain | Acute upper abdominal pain | ||||
| Dyspepsia | Acute lower abdominal pain | ||||
| Hematemesis | Vomiting | ||||
| Vomiting | Diarrhea | ||||
| Diarrhea | Constipation | ||||
| Hematochezia | Bloody vomitus | ||||
| Adult constipation | Bloody stool | ||||
| Abdominal distension | |||||
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| Women's health | Amenorrhea | Urinary | Oliguria | ||
| Vaginal discharge | Polyuria | ||||
| Antepartum care | Frequency | ||||
| Breast lump | Red urine | ||||
| Painful voiding | |||||
| Weak urine stream | |||||
| Leakage of urine | |||||
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| Genitourinary | Hematuria | Reproductive | Absence of menses | ||
| Dysuria | Pain during menses | ||||
| Urinary incontinence | Vaginal bleeding | ||||
| Vaginal discharge | |||||
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| Psychiatric/neurological/musculoskeletal | Anxiety | Psychiatric/neurological | Anxiety | ||
| Depressed mood | Depressed mood | ||||
| Memory loss | Sleep disturbance | ||||
| Tremor | Impaired memory | ||||
| Hemiplegia | Decreased mentality | ||||
| Neck pain | Dizziness | ||||
| Low back pain | Syncope | ||||
| Joint pain | Seizure | ||||
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| Extremities/joints | Gait disturbance | ||||
| Hand tremor | |||||
| Numbness on extremities | |||||
| Hemiparesis | |||||
| Paraparesis | |||||
| Finger pain | |||||
| Posterior neck pain | |||||
| Low back pain | |||||
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| Difficult communication | Smoking cessation | Patient education and counseling | Disease prevention & health care | Developmental delay | |
| Alcohol problems | Short stature | ||||
| Domestic violence | Immunization, infant and child | ||||
| Bad news delivery | Immunization, adult | ||||
| Weight gain/obesity | |||||
| High blood pressure | |||||
| High blood glucose | |||||
| Abnormal lipid profile | |||||
| Antepartum care | |||||
| Menopause | |||||
| Preoperative care | |||||
| Postoperative fever | |||||
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| Difficult situations | Smoking cessation | ||||
| Alcohol problems | |||||
| Substance abuse | |||||
| Domestic violence | |||||
| Suicidal thoughts | |||||
| Sexual assault | |||||
| Bad news delivery | |||||
| Informed consent | |||||
Number of Clinical Presentations in the Guide
| Contents[ | 2010 (version 1.0) | 2011 (supplement) | 2013 (version 1.1) | 2014 (version 1.2) | 2015 (version 1.3) | 2016 (version 2.0) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total number | 49 | 6 | 64 | 71 | 75 | 80 |
| General | 3 | - | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Skin | 2 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Head and neck | 2 | - | 2 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Chest | 5 | - | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 |
| Breast | 1 | - | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Abdomen | 8 | - | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Urine | 4 | 1 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 |
| Genital | 3 | - | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Psychiatric/neurological | 9 | - | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Extremities and joints | 4 | - | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
| Disease prevention | 6 | 1 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 12 |
| Difficult communication | 2 | 3 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
Categories of contents are based on those of guide version 2.0.
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| 급성 아랫배 통증을 일으키는 유발요인을 알아내고, 진단과 치료 계획을 제시할 수 있다. |
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| ① 환자에게 즉각적인 조치가 필요한 상황인지 판단할 수 있다. |
| ② 배 통증의 정확한 위치를 확인할 수 있다. |
| ③ 복막자극 여부를 판단하여 벽쪽통인지 내장통인지 구분할 수 있다. |
| ④ 통증의 양상으로부터 병태생리 요인을 추론할 수 있다. |
| ⑤ 통증의 원인 장기를 감별할 수 있다. |
| ⑥ 필요한 검사를 선별할 수 있다. |
| ⑦ 수술이 필요한 상황인지 판단할 수 있다. |
| ⑧ 진단과 치료 계획을 환자에게 설명할 수 있다. |
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면담 시작
| 초기관계형성 | ||
|---|---|---|
| 1. | 안녕하세요? 성함이 어떻게 되세요? | ☜ 인사와 환자 확인 |
| 2. | 저는 학생의사 OOO입니다. 지금 ( )분 동안 진료하려는데 괜찮으시겠어요? | ☜ 자기소개와 진료동의 구하기 |
| 3. | 아파보이시네요, 불편하시면 바로 말씀해 주세요. | ☜ 편안한 진료 분위기 조성 |
병력청취
| 주 증상 확인 | ||
|---|---|---|
| 1. | 배가 아픈 것에 대해 시간 순서대로 자세히 말씀해 주세요. | ☜ 개방형 질문 |
| 2. | 구체적으로 아프기 시작한 게 언제인가요? | ☜ R/O 만성 |
| 3. | 어디가 아프세요? | ☜ R/O 아랫배 이외 통증 |
| 4. | 얼마나 심하게 아픈가요? | ☜ R/O 소화불량 |
| 5. | 그러니까 배 아픈 것은? | ☜ 중간 요약 |
신체진찰
| 신체진찰 소개 | ||
|---|---|---|
| 1. | 지금부터 진찰하려고 합니다. 괜찮으시겠어요? | ☜ 신체진찰 동의 구하기 |
| 2. | (손을 씻는다) | ☜ 진찰을 방해하지 않도록 의사는 복장을 단정히 한다. |
| 3. | 이쪽으로 누워보세요. | ☜ 눕기 쉽도록 도와준다. |
| 4. | 편하게 베개 베고 누우세요, 양 무릎은 모두 세우겠습니다. | ☜ 진찰 자세 취하기 |
| 5. | 배를 봐야 하니까, 옷을 좀 올리고, 바지를 조금만 아래로 내려야 되는데 괜찮으시겠어요? | ☜ 노출에 대한 양해 구하기 |
| 6. | 네, 고맙습니다. | |
환자 교육
| 정보 제공 | ||
|---|---|---|
| 1. | 걱정되는 병이 있습니까? | ☜ 충분히 경청 |
| 2. | 환자분의 성별과 나이 대에 흔한 원인으로는 B, C 등이 있습니다. A는 병력이나 신체 진찰에서 … 특징이 있습니다. 환자분의 병력이나 진찰 소견과 가장 일치합니다. | |
| 3. | B는 … 특징이 있는데, …한 점에서 환자분 소견과 일치하지만 …한 점에서는 일치하지 않습니다. | |
| 4. | C는 … 특징이 있는데 환자분 소견과 …한 면에서 일치하지 않습니다. | |
| 5. | 따라서 지금 배가 아픈 것은 …일 가능성이 가장 높습니다. 또한 걱정하셨던 …병은 환자분 소견으로 볼 때 가능성이 …습니다. | |
| 6. | (환자 반응을 경청하고 공감 표현) | |
| 7. | 우선 …검사를 해서 말씀드렸던 원인들 중 어느 쪽에 가장 가까운지 확인해 보겠습니다. | |
| 8. | 걱정하셨던 병은 …검사를 하면 함께 확인이 가능합니다. | |
| 9. | 지금 우선적으로 필요한 치료 조치는 …입니다. | |
| 10. | 왜냐하면 …기 때문입니다. | ☜ 치료의 필요성, 방법 설명 |
| 11. | 검사나 치료를 위해서는 우선 …을 준비하는 게 필요합니다. | |
| 12. | 말씀드린 검사나 치료가 지금 가능하신가요? | |
| 13. | 궁금한 것 물어보세요. | |