Cytokinin response factor 4 (CRF4) is induced by cold and involved in freezing tolerance.

KEY MESSAGE: Cytokinin response factor 4 (CRF4) shows a short-term induction by cold (4 °C) that appears to play a role in non-acclimated freezing tolerance as seen in mutant and overexpression lines. Responses to abiotic stresses, such as cold stress, are critical to plant growth and optimal production. Examination of Arabidopsis cytokinin response factors (CRFs) showed transcriptional induction after exposure to cold (4 °C). In particular, CRF4 was strongly induced in both root and shoot tissues. As CRF4 is one of several CRFs not transcriptionally regulated by cytokinin, we further investigated its response to cold. Peak CRF4 induction occurred 6 h post cold exposure, after which expression was maintained at moderately elevated levels during extended cold and subsequent treatment recovery. Examination of CRF4 mutant and overexpression lines under standard (non-cold) conditions revealed little difference from WT. One exception was a small, but significant increase in primary root growth of overexpression plants (CRF4OX). Under cold conditions, the only phenotype observed was a reduction in the rate of germination of CRF4OX seeds. The pattern of CRF4 expression along with the lack of strong phenotype at 4 °C led us to hypothesize that cold induction of CRF4 could play a role in short-term cold acclimation leading to increased freeze tolerance. Examination of CRF4OX and crf4 plants exposed to freezing temperatures revealed mutants lacking expression of CRF4 were more sensitive to freezing, while CRF4OXs with increased levels CRF4 levels were more tolerant. Altered transcript expression of CBF and COR15a cold signaling pathway genes in crf4 mutant and overexpression lines suggest that CRF4 may be potentially connected to this pathway. Overall this indicates that CRF4 plays an important role in both cold response and freezing stress.