| Literature DB >> 26538100 |
Jesus Eduardo Elizondo1, Ana Cecilia Treviño2, Deborah Violant3.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To analyze HIV/AIDS positive individual's perception and attitudes regarding dental services.Entities:
Mesh:
Year: 2015 PMID: 26538100 PMCID: PMC4617436 DOI: 10.1590/S0034-8910.2015049005877
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Rev Saude Publica ISSN: 0034-8910 Impact factor: 2.106
Sociodemographic characteristics of the subjects. Nuevo León, Mexico, 2014.
| Variable | Women | Men | pa | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| Mean | SD | Median | Mean | SD | Median | ||
| Age (years) | 41.7 | 10.9 | 41b | 34.9 | 8 | 34b | < 0.0001 |
| HIV (years of diagnose) | 6.10 | 5.51 | 5d | 3.19 | 4.18 | 2d | < 0.001 |
| Education level (years of schooling) | 8.4 | 4.1 | 9b | 14 | 3.5 | 15b | < 0.0001 |
|
| |||||||
| Sexual orientation | n | % | n | % | |||
| Homosexual | 0 | 0 | 83 | 88.3b,c | < 0.0001 | ||
| Bisexual | 0 | 0 | 9 | 9.6 | |||
| Heterosexual | 40 | 100b,c | 2 | 2.2 | |||
| Workload | |||||||
| Full-time | 16 | 40.0 | 77 | 81.9b,c | < 0.0001 | ||
| Part-time | 0 | 10 | 10.6 | ||||
| Does not work | 24 | 60.0b,c | 7 | 7.4 | |||
| Monthly income | |||||||
| ≤ 15,000 MXN (1,146 USD) | 40 | 100c | 65 | 69.2b,c | < 0.0001 | ||
| ≤ 30,000 MXN (2,292 USD) | 0 | 0 | 22 | 23.4 | |||
| > 30,000 MXN (2,292 USD) | 0 | 0 | 7 | 7.5 | |||
a Through ANOVA.
b (p < 0.001) intergroups.
c (p < 0.001) intragroups.
d (p < 0.001) intergroups.
Perception regarding private and public oral health care professionals and services. Nuevo León, Mexico, 2014.
| Variable | Women | Men | pa | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| n | % | n | % | ||
| How many times a year do you have dental appointments? | |||||
| None | 11 | 28.9 | 0 | 0 | |
| Once a year | 17 | 44.7c | 47 | 50.0 | < 0.001 |
| Twice or more a year | 10 | 26.3 | 47 | 50.0 | |
| Do you have appointments in a public or in a private dental office? | |||||
| None | 11 | 28.9 | 0 | 0 | |
| Public | 15 | 39.5b | 24 | 25.5 | |
| Private | 12 | 31.6 | 70 | 74.5b,c | < 0.001 |
| Do you have appointments with a general or with a specialty dentist? | |||||
| None | 2 | 5.7 | 0 | 0 | |
| I do not know | 13 | 37.1b | 25 | 26.6 | |
| General | 11 | 31.4 | 38 | 40.4b,c | < 0.001 |
| Specialty | 9 | 25.7 | 31 | 33.0 | |
| Among the following options, which is the most similar to the main reason why you select a certain dentist? | |||||
| Knowledge | 12 | 32.4b,c | 25 | 26.6 | |
| Experience | 5 | 13.5 | 28 | 29.8b,c | < 0.001 |
| Formality | 3 | 8.1 | 6 | 6.4 | |
| Price | 5 | 13.5 | 11 | 11.7 | |
| Good chairside manner | 7 | 18.9 | 7 | 7.4 | |
| Office appearance | 1 | 2.7 | 6 | 6.4 | |
| Office hygiene | 2 | 5.4 | 8 | 8.5 | |
| Dentist’s personal appearance | 2 | 5.4 | 3 | 3.2 | |
a Through ANOVA.
b (p < 0.001) intergroups.
c (p < 0.001) intragroups.
Perception regarding HIV care in dental appointments. Nuevo León, Mexico, 2014.
| Variable | Women | Men | pa | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| n | % | n | % | ||
| Is the dental office you have appointments in safe, clean, and complying with infection-control regulations? | |||||
| Yes | 11 | 27.5 | 86 | 91.5b,c | < 0.001 |
| No | 29 | 72.5b,c | 8 | 8.5 | |
| Do you trust your dentist to keep the confidentiality of the information in your dental record? | |||||
| Yes | 21 | 58.3c | 64 | 68.1c | < 0.001 |
| No | 15 | 41.7 | 29 | 30.9 | |
| Do you believe it is important that your dentist be qualified to treat HIV patients? | |||||
| Yes | 33 | 84.6c | 86 | 91.5c | < 0.001 |
| No | 6 | 15.4 | 8 | 8.5 | |
| Have you informed your dentist of your HIV status? | |||||
| Yes | 19 | 48.7 | 29 | 30.9 | |
| No | 20 | 51.3 | 65 | 69.2c | < 0.001 |
| Do you think it is important that you tell your dentist you live with HIV? | |||||
| Yes | 24 | 61.5c | 74 | 78.7c | < 0.001 |
| No | 15 | 38.5 | 20 | 21.3 | |
| I have a right not to disclose my HIV status, and that is why I do not tell it to my dentist: | |||||
| Yes | 26 | 65.0b | 66 | 70.3c | < 0.001 |
| No | 14 | 35.0 | 28 | 29.8 | |
| I am afraid to be denied dental care, and that is why I do not tell my dentist I live with HIV: | |||||
| Yes | 25 | 62.5c | 64 | 68.1c | < 0.001 |
| No | 15 | 37.5 | 30 | 31.9 | |
| I am afraid of the inconveniences that may arise in dental care, and that is why I do not tell my dentist I have HIV: | |||||
| Yes | 25 | 62.5b,c | 41 | 43.6 | < 0.001 |
| No | 15 | 37.5 | 53 | 56.4b,c | |
| Do you think dentists in general are health care professionals who follow ethical principles, and because of that, they treat you like any other patient, regardless of whether you are HIV positive or not? | |||||
| Yes | 16 | 43.2 | 76 | 80.9b,c | < 0.001 |
| No | 20 | 54.1b | 18 | 19.1 | |
| I do not know | 1 | 2.7 | 0 | 0 | |
| Do you believe HIV/AIDS can be transmitted in dental offices? | |||||
| Yes | 13 | 33.3 | 42 | 44.7 | |
| No | 26 | 66.7b | 51 | 54.3c | < 0.001 |
| I do not know | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Do you believe your dentist may transmit HIV? | |||||
| Yes | 5 | 12.5 | 16 | 17.0 | |
| No | 34 | 85.0c | 78 | 83.0c | < 0.001 |
| I do not know | 1 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 | |
| Do you believe you can transmit HIV to your dentist? | |||||
| Yes | 10 | 25.6 | 31 | 33.0 | |
| No | 29 | 74.4c | 50 | 53.2c | < 0.001 |
| I do not know | 0 | 0 | 13 | 13.8 | |
| Do you believe you can transmit HIV to other people going to the same dental office or clinic? | |||||
| Yes | 9 | 22.5 | 18 | 19.1 | |
| No | 31 | 77.5c | 75 | 79.7c | < 0.001 |
| I do not know | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Do you believe you can catch a secondary infection during or after being treated in a dental office or clinic because you have HIV? | |||||
| Yes | 13 | 33.3 | 37 | 39.4 | |
| No | 24 | 61.5c | 57 | 60.7c | < 0.001 |
| I do not know | 2 | 5.1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Do you believe people living with HIV must only seek care in dental offices or clinics which are exclusive to HIV patients? | |||||
| Yes | 15 | 38.5 | 21 | 23.3 | |
| No | 24 | 61.5c | 73 | 77.7c | < 0.001 |
| I do not know | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Do you believe oral illnesses affect your general state of health? | |||||
| Yes | 35 | 87.5c | 63 | 67.0c | < 0.001 |
| No | 5 | 12.5 | 31 | 33.0 | |
| I do not know | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| How do you appraise your overall oral health? | |||||
| Excellent | 8 | 20.5 | 6 | 6.4 | |
| Good | 28 | 71.8c | 40 | 42.6c | < 0.001 |
| Fair | 1 | 2.6 | 36 | 38.3 | |
| Poor | 2 | 5.1 | 12 | 12.8 | |
| I do not know | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
HIV: human immunodeficiency virus
a Through ANOVA.
b (p < 0.001) intergroups.
c (p < 0.001) intragroups.
Perception of the HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination Nuevo León, Mexico, 2014.
| Items | Never | Rarely | Occasionally | Often | Very often | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||
| W | M | W | M | W | M | W | M | W | M | |
| Have you ever been discriminated by a dentist because you live with HIV? | 25 (69.4) | 79 (84.0) | 4 (11.1) | 8 (8.5) | 4 (11.1) | 5 (5.3) | 2 (5.6) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (2.8) | 1 (1.1) |
| Over the last 12 months, how often were you denied dental care for being HIV positive? | 31 (79.5) | 85 (90.4) | 3 (7.7) | 7 (7.4) | 5 (12.8) | 1 (1.1) | 0 | 1 (1.1) | 0 | 1 (1.1) |
| When you go to a dental office or clinic, has any one given you a reason for denying you dental care services cos you are HIV positive? | 30 (76.9) | 78 (83.0) | 2 (5.1) | 10 (10.6) | 4 (10.3) | 3 (3.2) | 3 (7.7) | 2 (2.1) | 0 | 1 (1.1) |
| When you go to a dental office or clinic, does it take you longer to be treated than other patients? | 27 (69.2) | 81 (86.2) | 3 (7.7) | 5 (5.3) | 6 (15.4) | 5 (5.3) | 2 (5.1) | 2 (2.1) | 1 (2.6) | 1 (1.1) |
| When you go to a dental office or clinic, do you notice whispers, glances, or laughter towards you? | 31 (81.6) | 78 (83) | 0 | 9 (9.6) | 4 (10.5) | 5 (5.3) | 3 (7.9) | 2 (2.1) | 0 | 0 |
| Have you ever been made to fell blamed, undermined, or belittled for having HIV whilst being treated in a dental office or clinic? | 31 (81.6) | 83 (88.2) | 1 (2.6) | 4 (4.3) | 3 (7.9) | 5 (5.3) | 1 (2.6) | 0 | 2 (5.3) | 2 (2.1) |
| Have you ever been given negative opinions about your lifestyle or sexual behaviors whilst being treated in a dental office or clinic? | 30 (78.9) | 82 (87.2) | 0 | 6 (6.4) | 5 (13.2) | 5 (5.3) | 2 (5.3) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (2.6) | 0 |
| Have you ever been treated with disdain, indifference, or criticism whilst being treated in a dental office or clinic? | 29 (74.4) | 82 (87.2) | 3 (7.7) | 6 (6.4) | 4 (10.3) | 6 (6.4) | 1 (2.6) | 0 | 2 (5.1) | 0 |
| Has anyone ever avoided getting in contact with your skin whilst being treated in a dental office or clinic? | 29 (78.4) | 84 (89.4) | 1 (2.7) | 7 (7.4) | 3 (8.1) | 2 (2.1) | 2 (5.4) | 1 (1.1) | 2 (5.4) | 0 |
| Has anybody ever behaved in a way to display fear or insecurity at the time they had to dress wounds, apply sutures, injections, or other dental procedures during treatment in a dental office or clinic? | 29 (74.4) | 82 (87.2) | 0 | 7 (7.4) | 7 (17.9) | 2 (2.1) | 1 (2.6) | 2 (2.1) | 2 (5.1) | 1 (1.1) |
| Whilst being treated in a dental office or clinic, has anybody ever requested that the materials used in your treatment be discarded, based on the argument that your HIV-positive status offered a higher risk? | 29 (76.3) | 83 (88.3) | 1 (2.6) | 7 (7.4) | 2 (5.3) | 0 | 2 (5.3) | 1 (1.1) | 4 (10.5) | 3 (3.2) |
HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; W: women; M: men
Factorial analysis of the perception of the HIV and AIDS- related stigma and discrimination in dental appointments. Nuevo León, Mexico, 2014.
| Items | Means and correlation matrix | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
| a | 0.338 | ||||||||||
| b | 0.185 | 0.583 | |||||||||
| c | 0.308 | 0.661 | 0.589 | ||||||||
| d | 0.346 | 0.514 | 0.305 | 0.579 | |||||||
| e | 0.323 | 0.574 | 0.462 | 0.658 | 0.663 | ||||||
| f | 0.431 | 0.522 | 0.523 | 0.567 | 0.545 | 0.758 | |||||
| g | 0.285 | 0.540 | 0.484 | 0.541 | 0.596 | 0.822 | 0.713 | ||||
| h | 0.262 | 0.456 | 0.431 | 0.537 | 0.525 | 0.776 | 0.676 | 0.790 | |||
| i | 0.238 | 0.516 | 0.432 | 0.554 | 0.541 | 0.803 | 0.741 | 0.802 | 0.880 | ||
| j | 0.308 | 0.539 | 0.506 | 0.543 | 0.555 | 0.804 | 0.747 | 0.771 | 0.823 | 0.819 | |
| k | 0.308 | 0.529 | 0.405 | 0.469 | 0.491 | 0.470 | 0.613 | 0.472 | 0.495 | 0.472 | 0.636 |
|
| |||||||||||
| Rotated component matrix | |||||||||||
| Items | Factor 1. Non personal disparagement experiences from dentists or their staff | Factor 2. Non concern with dentists or their staffs’ attitudes | Commonalities | ||||||||
|
| |||||||||||
| a | 0.286 | 0.821 | 0.756 | ||||||||
| b | 0.207 | 0.785 | 0.659 | ||||||||
| c | 0.368 | 0.768 | 0.725 | ||||||||
| d | 0.552 | 0.458 | 0.514 | ||||||||
| e | 0.822 | 0.402 | 0.838 | ||||||||
| f | 0.719 | 0.456 | 0.726 | ||||||||
| g | 0.834 | 0.337 | 0.809 | ||||||||
| h | 0.890 | 0.239 | 0.849 | ||||||||
| i | 0.891 | 0.271 | 0.868 | ||||||||
| j | 0.831 | 0.378 | 0.833 | ||||||||
| k | 0.422 | 0.569 | 0.502 | ||||||||
| Eigenvalues | 7.049 | 1.030 | |||||||||
| Percentage of explained variance | 64.079 | 9.361 | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||||
| Distances between final cluster centers | |||||||||||
| Cluster | 1. Users who have not experienced HIV-related stigma and discrimination in dental appointments. | 2. Users who have not experienced stigma and discrimination, but feel slightly concerned about dentists or their staffs’ reaction regarding their HIV+ serodiagnosis. | 3. Users who have experienced HIV-related stigma and discrimination, and feel concerned about dentists and their staffs’ reaction regarding their HIV+ serodiagnosis. | ||||||||
|
| |||||||||||
| 85.0% (n = 114) | 12.7% (n = 17) | 2.3% (n = 3) | |||||||||
| 1 | 9.434 | 5.292* | |||||||||
| 2 | 9.434 | 4.394* | |||||||||
| 3 | 5.292 | 4.394 | |||||||||
Rotation method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy: 0.904. Bartlett’s sphericity test p < 0.0001; it converges to three iterations. Non-hierarchical clustering analysis (K-means Cluster)
* p < 0.001 through ANOVA.
Características sociodemográficas de los participantes. Nuevo León, México, 2014.
| Variable | Mujeres | Hombres | pa | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| Media | DE | Mediana | Media | DE | Mediana | ||
| Edad (años) | 41.7 | 10.9 | 41b | 34.9 | 8 | 34b | < 0.0001 |
| VIH (años del diagnóstico) | 6.10 | 5.51 | 5d | 3.19 | 4.18 | 2d | < 0.001 |
| Escolarización (años cursados) | 8.4 | 4.1 | 9b | 14 | 3.5 | 15b | < 0.0001 |
|
| |||||||
| Orientación sexual | n | % | n | % | |||
| Homosexual | 0 | 0 | 83 | 88.3b,c | < 0.0001 | ||
| Bisexual | 0 | 0 | 9 | 9.6 | |||
| Heterosexual | 40 | 100b,c | 2 | 2.2 | |||
| Trabajo | |||||||
| Tiempo completo | 16 | 40.0 | 77 | 81.9b,c | < 0.0001 | ||
| Medio tiempo | 0 | 10 | 10.6 | ||||
| No trabaja | 24 | 60.0b,c | 7 | 7.4 | |||
| Ingresos mensuales | |||||||
| ≤ 15,000 MXN (1,146 USD) | 40 | 100c | 65 | 69.2b,c | < 0.0001 | ||
| ≤ 30,000 MXN (2,292 USD) | 0 | 0 | 22 | 23.4 | |||
| > 30,000 MXN (2,292 USD) | 0 | 0 | 7 | 7.5 | |||
a Mediante ANOVA.
b (p < 0.001) inter-grupos.
c (p < 0.001) intra-grupos.
d (p < 0.001) inter-grupos.
Percepción hacia los prestadores y servicios de salud oral públicos y privados. Nuevo León, México, 2014.
| Variable | Mujeres | Hombres | pa | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| n | % | n | % | ||
| ¿Cuántas veces al año acudes a consulta odontológica? | |||||
| Ninguna | 11 | 28.9 | 0 | 0 | |
| Una vez al año | 17 | 44.7c | 47 | 50.0 | < 0.001 |
| Dos o más veces al año | 10 | 26.3 | 47 | 50.0 | |
| ¿Acudes con un odontólogo del sector público o privado? | |||||
| Ninguno | 11 | 28.9 | 0 | 0 | |
| Público | 15 | 39.5b | 24 | 25.5 | |
| Privado | 12 | 31.6 | 70 | 74.5b,c | < 0.001 |
| ¿Acudes con un odontólogo de práctica general o de especialidad? | |||||
| Ninguno | 2 | 5.7 | 0 | 0 | |
| No sé | 13 | 37.1b | 25 | 26.6 | |
| General | 11 | 31.4 | 38 | 40.4b,c | < 0.001 |
| Especialidad | 9 | 25.7 | 31 | 33.0 | |
| ¿De las siguientes opciones marca la que más se asemeje a la razón principal por la que elijes a un odontólogo? | |||||
| Conocimientos | 12 | 32.4b,c | 25 | 26.6 | |
| Experiencia | 5 | 13.5 | 28 | 29.8b,c | < 0.001 |
| Formalidad | 3 | 8.1 | 6 | 6.4 | |
| Precio | 5 | 13.5 | 11 | 11.7 | |
| Trato amable | 7 | 18.9 | 7 | 7.4 | |
| Aspecto del consultorio | 1 | 2.7 | 6 | 6.4 | |
| Higiene del consultorio | 2 | 5.4 | 8 | 8.5 | |
| Aspecto personal del odontólogo | 2 | 5.4 | 3 | 3.2 | |
a Mediante ANOVA.
b (p < 0.001) inter-grupos.
c (p < 0.001) intra-grupos.
Percepción hacia la atención y tratamiento del VIH en la consulta odontológica. Nuevo León, México, 2014.
| Variable | Mujeres | Hombres | pa | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| n | % | n | % | ||
| ¿El consultorio o clínica dental al que acudes es seguro, limpio y cuenta con las normas de control de infección? | |||||
| Si | 11 | 27.5 | 86 | 91.5b,c | < 0.001 |
| No | 29 | 72.5b,c | 8 | 8.5 | |
| ¿Crees en la confidencialidad de los expedientes odontológicos? | |||||
| Si | 21 | 58.3c | 64 | 68.1c | < 0.001 |
| No | 15 | 41.7 | 29 | 30.9 | |
| ¿Crees que sea importante que tu odontólogo esté capacitado para brindar atención a personas que viven con VIH? | |||||
| Si | 33 | 84.6c | 86 | 91.5c | < 0.001 |
| No | 6 | 15.4 | 8 | 8.5 | |
| ¿Le informaste al odontólogo que vives con VIH? | |||||
| Si | 19 | 48.7 | 29 | 30.9 | |
| No | 20 | 51.3 | 65 | 69.2c | < 0.001 |
| ¿Consideras que sea importante decirle a tu odontólogo que vives con VIH? | |||||
| Si | 24 | 61.5c | 74 | 78.7c | < 0.001 |
| No | 15 | 38.5 | 20 | 21.3 | |
| Estoy en mi derecho de no revelar mi condición de persona que vive con VIH razón por la que no le informo al odontólogo: | |||||
| Si | 26 | 65.0b | 66 | 70.3c | < 0.001 |
| No | 14 | 35.0 | 28 | 29.8 | |
| Me preocupa se me niegue la atención odontológica razón por la que no le informo al odontólogo que vivo con VIH: | |||||
| Si | 25 | 62.5c | 64 | 68.1c | < 0.001 |
| No | 15 | 37.5 | 30 | 31.9 | |
| Me preocupan los inconvenientes que puedan surgir en el servicio odontológico razón por la que no le informo al odontólogo que vivo con VIH: | |||||
| Si | 25 | 62.5b,c | 41 | 43.6 | < 0.001 |
| No | 15 | 37.5 | 53 | 56.4b,c | |
| ¿En general los odontólogos(as) son profesionales de la salud que se rigen por la ética profesional y por consiguiente te atienden como a cualquier otro usuario independientemente de que vivas con VIH? | |||||
| Si | 16 | 43.2 | 76 | 80.9b,c | < 0.001 |
| No | 20 | 54.1b | 18 | 19.1 | |
| No sé | 1 | 2.7 | 0 | 0 | |
| ¿Crees que el VIH/sida se pueda trasmitir en el consultorio odontológico? | |||||
| Si | 13 | 33.3 | 42 | 44.7 | |
| No | 26 | 66.7b | 51 | 54.3c | < 0.001 |
| No sé | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| ¿Crees que tu odontólogo te puede transmitir el VIH? | |||||
| Si | 5 | 12.5 | 16 | 17.0 | |
| No | 34 | 85.0c | 78 | 83.0c | < 0.001 |
| No sé | 1 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 | |
| ¿Crees que puedas tú trasmitirle el VIH al odontólogo? | |||||
| Si | 10 | 25.6 | 31 | 33.0 | |
| No | 29 | 74.4c | 50 | 53.2c | < 0.001 |
| No sé | 0 | 0 | 13 | 13.8 | |
| ¿Crees que puedas tú trasmitirles el VIH a otras personas que acudan al mismo consultorio o clínica odontológica en el que recibes atención? | |||||
| Si | 9 | 22.5 | 18 | 19.1 | |
| No | 31 | 77.5c | 75 | 79.7c | < 0.001 |
| No sé | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| ¿Crees que tú puedas adquirir una infección secundaria, durante o después de la atención en el consultorio o clínica odontológica por vivir con VIH? | |||||
| Si | 13 | 33.3 | 37 | 39.4 | |
| No | 24 | 61.5c | 57 | 60.7c | < 0.001 |
| No sé | 2 | 5.1 | 0 | 0 | |
| ¿Crees que las personas que viven con VIH deban atenderse en consultorios o clínicas odontológicas en donde SOLO se atiendan a personas con VIH? | |||||
| Si | 15 | 38.5 | 21 | 23.3 | |
| No | 24 | 61.5c | 73 | 77.7c | < 0.001 |
| No sé | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| ¿Crees que las enfermedades buco-dentales afectan tu estado de salud general? | |||||
| Si | 35 | 87.5c | 63 | 67.0c | < 0.001 |
| No | 5 | 12.5 | 31 | 33.0 | |
| No sé | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| ¿Cómo consideras tu estado de salud buco-dental? | |||||
| Excelente | 8 | 20.5 | 6 | 6.4 | |
| Bueno | 28 | 71.8c | 40 | 42.6c | < 0.001 |
| Regular | 1 | 2.6 | 36 | 38.3 | |
| Malo | 2 | 5.1 | 12 | 12.8 | |
| No sé | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
VIH: virus de inmunodeficiencia humana
a Mediante ANOVA.
b (p < 0.001) inter-grupos.
c (p < 0.001) intra-grupos.
Percepción del estigma y discriminación asociados al VIH y el sida. Nuevo León, México, 2014.
| Ítems | Nunca | Casi nunca | De vez en cuando | A menudo | Muy a menudo | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||||||
| M | H | M | H | M | H | M | H | M | H | |
| ¿Has experimentado alguna situación de discriminación por parte de algún odontólogo por vivir con VIH? | 25 (69.4) | 79 (84.0) | 4 (11.1) | 8 (8.5) | 4 (11.1) | 5 (5.3) | 2 (5.6) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (2.8) | 1 (1.1) |
| ¿En los últimos 12 meses ¿Con qué frecuencia se te ha negado la atención odontológica debido a que vives con VIH? | 31 (79.5) | 85 (90.4) | 3 (7.7) | 7 (7.4) | 5 (12.8) | 1 (1.1) | 0 | 1 (1.1) | 0 | 1 (1.1) |
| ¿Cuándo has asistido a un consultorio o clínica odontológica dan o te dieron excusas para negarte el servicio debido a que vives con VIH? | 30 (76.9) | 78 (83.0) | 2 (5.1) | 10 (10.6) | 4 (10.3) | 3 (3.2) | 3 (7.7) | 2 (2.1) | 0 | 1 (1.1) |
| ¿Cuándo has asistido a un consultorio o clínica odontológica se demoran o han demorado más en atenderte que al resto de los usuarios? | 27 (69.2) | 81 (86.2) | 3 (7.7) | 5 (5.3) | 6 (15.4) | 5 (5.3) | 2 (5.1) | 2 (2.1) | 1 (2.6) | 1 (1.1) |
| ¿Cuándo has asistido a un consultorio o clínica odontológica realizan o han realizado murmullos, miradas o risas sobre tu persona? | 31 (81.6) | 78 (83) | 0 | 9 (9.6) | 4 (10.5) | 5 (5.3) | 3 (7.9) | 2 (2.1) | 0 | 0 |
| ¿Cuándo has asistido a un consultorio o clínica odontológica se te culpabilizó, deslegitimó, o calificó por vivir con VIH? | 31 (81.6) | 83 (88.2) | 1 (2.6) | 4 (4.3) | 3 (7.9) | 5 (5.3) | 1 (2.6) | 0 | 2 (5.3) | 2 (2.1) |
| ¿Cuándo has asistido a un consultorio o clínica odontológica opinaron negativamente sobre tu vida y comportamientos sexuales? | 30 (78.9) | 82 (87.2) | 0 | 6 (6.4) | 5 (13.2) | 5 (5.3) | 2 (5.3) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (2.6) | 0 |
| ¿Cuándo has asistido a un consultorio o clínica odontológica te atendieron con disgusto, indiferencia o de manera despectiva? | 29 (74.4) | 82 (87.2) | 3 (7.7) | 6 (6.4) | 4 (10.3) | 6 (6.4) | 1 (2.6) | 0 | 2 (5.1) | 0 |
| ¿Cuándo has asistido a un consultorio o clínica odontológica evitaron el contacto con tu sudor o con tu piel? | 29 (78.4) | 84 (89.4) | 1 (2.7) | 7 (7.4) | 3 (8.1) | 2 (2.1) | 2 (5.4) | 1 (1.1) | 2 (5.4) | 0 |
| ¿Cuándo has asistido a un consultorio o clínica odontológica mostraron temor o inseguridad al momento de realizarte curaciones, suturas, aplicarte inyecciones y/u otros procedimientos odontológicos? | 29 (74.4) | 82 (87.2) | 0 | 7 (7.4) | 7 (17.9) | 2 (2.1) | 1 (2.6) | 2 (2.1) | 2 (5.1) | 1 (1.1) |
| ¿Cuándo has asistido a un consultorio o clínica odontológica solicitaron que se desechen los materiales que utilizaron contigo, argumentando el alto riesgo que se tiene debido a que vives con VIH? | 29 (76.3) | 83 (88.3) | 1 (2.6) | 7 (7.4) | 2 (5.3) | 0 | 2 (5.3) | 1 (1.1) | 4 (10.5) | 3 (3.2) |
VIH: virus de inmunodeficiencia humana; M: mujeres; H: hombres
Análisis factorial de la percepción del estigma y discriminación asociados al VIH y el sida en la consulta odontológica. Nuevo León, México, 2014.
| Ítems | Medias y matriz de correlaciones | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medias | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
| a | 0.338 | ||||||||||
| b | 0.185 | 0.583 | |||||||||
| c | 0.308 | 0.661 | 0.589 | ||||||||
| d | 0.346 | 0.514 | 0.305 | 0.579 | |||||||
| e | 0.323 | 0.574 | 0.462 | 0.658 | 0.663 | ||||||
| f | 0.431 | 0.522 | 0.523 | 0.567 | 0.545 | 0.758 | |||||
| g | 0.285 | 0.540 | 0.484 | 0.541 | 0.596 | 0.822 | 0.713 | ||||
| h | 0.262 | 0.456 | 0.431 | 0.537 | 0.525 | 0.776 | 0.676 | 0.790 | |||
| i | 0.238 | 0.516 | 0.432 | 0.554 | 0.541 | 0.803 | 0.741 | 0.802 | 0.880 | ||
| j | 0.308 | 0.539 | 0.506 | 0.543 | 0.555 | 0.804 | 0.747 | 0.771 | 0.823 | 0.819 | |
| k | 0.308 | 0.529 | 0.405 | 0.469 | 0.491 | 0.470 | 0.613 | 0.472 | 0.495 | 0.472 | 0.636 |
|
| |||||||||||
| Matriz de componentes rotados | |||||||||||
| Ítems | Factor 1. Sin experiencias personales de rechazo por parte del odontólogo o su personal | Factor 2. Sin preocupación por la actitud del odontólogo o su personal | Comunalidades | ||||||||
|
| |||||||||||
| a | 0.286 | 0.821 | 0.756 | ||||||||
| b | 0.207 | 0.785 | 0.659 | ||||||||
| c | 0.368 | 0.768 | 0.725 | ||||||||
| d | 0.552 | 0.458 | 0.514 | ||||||||
| e | 0.822 | 0.402 | 0.838 | ||||||||
| f | 0.719 | 0.456 | 0.726 | ||||||||
| g | 0.834 | 0.337 | 0.809 | ||||||||
| h | 0.890 | 0.239 | 0.849 | ||||||||
| i | 0.891 | 0.271 | 0.868 | ||||||||
| j | 0.831 | 0.378 | 0.833 | ||||||||
| k | 0.422 | 0.569 | 0.502 | ||||||||
| Autovalores | 7.049 | 1.030 | |||||||||
| Porcentaje de la varianza explicada | 64.079 | 9.361 | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||||
| Distancias entre los centros de los conglomerados finales | |||||||||||
| Conglomerado | 1. Usuarios que no han experimentado estigma ni discriminación asociados al VIH en la consulta odontológica | 2. Usuarios que no han experimentado estigma ni discriminación pero sienten una ligera preocupación por la reacción del odontólogo o su personal al enterarse de su serodiagnóstico al VIH | 3. Usuarios que han experimentado estigma, discriminación y sienten preocupación por la reacción del odontólogo o su personal al enterarse de su serodiagnóstico al VIH | ||||||||
|
| |||||||||||
| 85.0% (n = 114) | 12.7% (n = 17) | 2.3% (n = 3) | |||||||||
| 1 | 9.434 | 5.292* | |||||||||
| 2 | 9.434 | 4.394* | |||||||||
| 3 | 5.292 | 4.394 | |||||||||
Método de rotación: normalización Varimax con Kaiser. Medida de adecuación muestral Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin: 0,904. Prueba de esfericidad de Bartlett p < 0.0001; converge en tres iteraciones. Análisis de cluster no jerárquico (K-means Cluster)
* p < 0.001 mediante ANOVA.