Matthew S Panizzon1, Richard L Hauger1,2, Megan Sailors1, Michael J Lyons3, Kristen C Jacobson4, Ruth Murray McKenzie3, Brinda Rana1, Terrie Vasilopoulos5, Eero Vuoksimaa1,6, Hong Xian7, William S Kremen1,2, Carol E Franz1. 1. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. 2. Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA. 3. Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 4. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. 5. Department of Anesthesiology and Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA. 6. Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland. 7. Department of Biostatistics, St. Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Metabolic syndrome, a clustering of risk factors including insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, central obesity, and hypertension, increases risk for cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline. The etiology of the risk factors' cohesion remains unclear. How genetic and environmental influences explained co-occurrence of metabolic syndrome components was examined. METHODS: Continuous measures of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure (BP), fasting insulin and glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and triglycerides from 1,193 middle-aged twin men participating in the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging at average age 62 (range 56-67) were analyzed using multivariate biometrical modeling. RESULTS: Four heritable factors were found: adiposity (BMI, waist circumference), insulin resistance (glucose, insulin), lipids (HDL, triglycerides), and BP (systolic, diastolic). Heritabilities were 0.42-0.68. In the best-fitting model, insulin resistance, lipids, and adiposity comprised a higher-order latent genetic factor. Adiposity and BP shared genetic influences independent of the latent genetic factor. All factors aggregated on a latent unique environmental factor. CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic syndrome components form the equivalent of two genetic factors. BP was genetically unrelated to insulin resistance and lipids. Adiposity was the only characteristic genetically and environmentally related to all other factors. These results inform strategies for gene discovery and prediction of health outcomes.
OBJECTIVE:Metabolic syndrome, a clustering of risk factors including insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, central obesity, and hypertension, increases risk for cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline. The etiology of the risk factors' cohesion remains unclear. How genetic and environmental influences explained co-occurrence of metabolic syndrome components was examined. METHODS: Continuous measures of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure (BP), fasting insulin and glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and triglycerides from 1,193 middle-aged twin men participating in the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging at average age 62 (range 56-67) were analyzed using multivariate biometrical modeling. RESULTS: Four heritable factors were found: adiposity (BMI, waist circumference), insulin resistance (glucose, insulin), lipids (HDL, triglycerides), and BP (systolic, diastolic). Heritabilities were 0.42-0.68. In the best-fitting model, insulin resistance, lipids, and adiposity comprised a higher-order latent genetic factor. Adiposity and BP shared genetic influences independent of the latent genetic factor. All factors aggregated on a latent unique environmental factor. CONCLUSIONS:Metabolic syndrome components form the equivalent of two genetic factors. BP was genetically unrelated to insulin resistance and lipids. Adiposity was the only characteristic genetically and environmentally related to all other factors. These results inform strategies for gene discovery and prediction of health outcomes.
Authors: Carol E Franz; Michael D Grant; Kristen C Jacobson; William S Kremen; Seth A Eisen; Hong Xian; James Romeis; Heather Thompson-Brenner; Michael J Lyons Journal: Twin Res Hum Genet Date: 2007-08 Impact factor: 1.587
Authors: Steven Boker; Michael Neale; Hermine Maes; Michael Wilde; Michael Spiegel; Timothy Brick; Jeffrey Spies; Ryne Estabrook; Sarah Kenny; Timothy Bates; Paras Mehta; John Fox Journal: Psychometrika Date: 2011-04-01 Impact factor: 2.500
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