Sayeh S Nikpay1, John Z Ayanian. 1. From the Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation (S.S.N., J.Z.A.), the Division of General Medicine, Medical School (J.Z.A.), the Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health (J.Z.A.), and the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy (J.Z.A.) - all at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; and the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley (S.S.N.).