| Literature DB >> 26465664 |
Lílian Paternostro de Pina Pereira1, Maria Lúcia Vaz Masson1, Fernando Martins Carvalho2.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of two speech therapy interventions, vocal warm-up and breathing training, focusing on teachers' voice quality.METHODS A single-blind, randomized, parallel clinical trial was conducted. The research included 31 20 to 60-year old teachers from a public school in Salvador, BA, Northeasatern Brazil, with minimum workloads of 20 hours a week, who have or have not reported having vocal alterations. The exclusion criteria were the following: being a smoker, excessive alcohol consumption, receiving additional speech therapy assistance while taking part in the study, being affected by upper respiratory tract infections, professional use of the voice in another activity, neurological disorders, and history of cardiopulmonary pathologies. The subjects were distributed through simple randomization in groups vocal warm-up (n = 14) and breathing training (n = 17). The teachers' voice quality was subjectively evaluated through the Voice Handicap Index (Índice de Desvantagem Vocal, in the Brazilian version) and computerized voice analysis (average fundamental frequency, jitter, shimmer, noise, and glottal-to-noise excitation ratio) by speech therapists.RESULTS Before the interventions, the groups were similar regarding sociodemographic characteristics, teaching activities, and vocal quality. The variations before and after the intervention in self-assessment and acoustic voice indicators have not significantly differed between the groups. In the comparison between groups before and after the six-week interventions, significant reductions in the Voice Handicap Index of subjects in both groups were observed, as wells as reduced average fundamental frequencies in the vocal warm-up group and increased shimmer in the breathing training group. Subjects from the vocal warm-up group reported speaking more easily and having their voices more improved in a general way as compared to the breathing training group.CONCLUSIONS Both interventions were similar regarding their effects on the teachers' voice quality. However, each contribution has individually contributed to improve the teachers' voice quality, especially the vocal warm-up.TRIAL RECORD NCT02102399, "Vocal Warm-up and Respiratory Muscle Training in Teachers".Entities:
Mesh:
Year: 2015 PMID: 26465664 PMCID: PMC4587821 DOI: 10.1590/S0034-8910.2015049005716
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Rev Saude Publica ISSN: 0034-8910 Impact factor: 2.106
FigureFlowchart for the selection and monitoring of research subjects. Salvador, BA, Northeastern Brazil, 2013.
Sociodemographic characterization of the teaching activity and the vocal conditions of teachers, before the intervention. Salvador, BA, Northeastern Brazil, 2013.
| Variable | Vocal warm-up | Breathing training | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| n = 14 | n = 17 | ||
| Age in years (SD) | 45.8 (SD = 8.1) | 43.6 (SD = 11.4) | 0.56a |
| Lengths of teaching experience (SD) | 19.4 (SD = 8.5) | 15.8 (SD = 7.8) | 0.23a |
| Hours/day using the voice (SD) | 8.4 (SD = 3.8) | 8.0 (SD = 2.5) | 0.71a |
| Gender (%) | |||
| Female | 85.8 | 70.6 | 0.41b |
| Male | 14.2 | 29.4 | |
| Education level (%) | |||
| Undergraduate studies | 7.1 | 35.3 | 0.09b |
| Graduate studies | 92.9 | 64.7 | |
| Workload (hours) | |||
| < 40 | 21.4 | 11.8 | 0.88b |
| 40 | 57.2 | 64.7 | |
| > 40 | 21.4 | 23.5 | |
| Self-reported vocal alteration (%) | |||
| Yes | 57.2 | 58.8 | 1.00b |
| No | 42.8 | 41.2 | |
| Sought specialized treatment for vocal alterations | |||
| Yes | 14.2 | 41.2 | 0.13b |
| No | 85.8 | 58.8 | |
| Fatigue whilst speaking (%) | |||
| Yes | 21.4 | 47.0 | 0.26b |
| No | 78.6 | 53.0 | |
| Everyday water intake (%) | |||
| Yes | 64.3 | 70.6 | 1.00b |
| No | 35.7 | 29.4 | |
| Alcohol consumption (%) | |||
| Yes | 35.7 | 47.0 | 0.72b |
| No | 64.3 | 53.0 | |
a Student t-test.
b Fisher’s exact test.
Self-assessed and acoustic voice indicators of the teachers from a public school, according to the groups and intervention periods. Salvador, BA, Northeastern Brazil, 2013.
| Indicator | Vocal warm-up |
| Breathing training |
| ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before | After | p | Before | After | p | |||||
| Average | SD | Average | SD | Average | SD | Average | SD | |||
| VHI (%) | 21.78 | 17.44 | 13.04 | 14.18 | 0.007* | 20.44 | 13.70 | 13.82 | 10.86 | 0.001* |
| F0 (Hz) | 196.21 | 34.47 | 186.25 | 31.53 | 0.049* | 191.87 | 43.35 | 185.71 | 33.70 | 0.345 |
| Jitter (%) | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.323 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.45 | 0.94 | 0.171 |
| Shimmer (%) | 2.90 | 0.85 | 3.10 | 0.97 | 0.296 | 2.77 | 0.94 | 4.19 | 2.60 | 0.022* |
| Noise (dB) | 0.69 | 0.50 | 0.68 | 0.50 | 0.776 | 0.72 | 0.46 | 0.72 | 0.44 | 0.451 |
| GNE (dB) | 0.89 | 0.12 | 0.92 | 0.06 | 0.959 | 0.88 | 0.11 | 0.88 | 0.11 | 0.477 |
VHI: Voice Handicap Index (Índice de Desvantagem Vocal); F0: Fundamental frequency; GNE: Glottal to Noise Excitation ratio
* Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test.
Average difference in values before and after the intervention for self-assessed and acoustic voice indicators of the teachers from a public school, according to the intervention groups. Salvador, BA, Northeastern Brazil, 2013.
| Indicator | Vocal warm-up (n = 14) | Breathing training (n = 17) |
| ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before | After | p* | |||
| Average difference | SD | Average difference | SD | ||
| VHI (%) | -8.75 | 10.13 | -6.61 | 6.84 | 0.76 |
| F0 (Hz) | -9.96 | 17.14 | -6.15 | 26.11 | 0.30 |
| Jitter (%) | -0.02 | 0.10 | 0.25 | 0.89 | 0.20 |
| Shimmer (%) | 0.20 | 0.89 | 1.41 | 2.30 | 0.77 |
| Noise (dB) | -0.01 | 0.14 | -0.004 | 0.67 | 0.49 |
| GNE ratio (dB) | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.001 | 0.67 | 0.74 |
* Mann-Whitney U test.
Comparison among self-reported indicators on the intervention benefits within the groups for 31 public school teachers. Salvador, BA, Northeastern Brazil, 2013.
| Indicator | Vocal warm-up | Breathing training | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 14 | % | n = 17 | % | ||
| General voice improvement | |||||
| Yes | 9 | 64.3 | 2 | 11.8 | 0.003* |
| No | 5 | 35.7 | 15 | 88.2 | |
| Improved speech clarity | |||||
| Yes | 7 | 50.0 | 3 | 17.7 | 0.120 |
| No | 7 | 50.0 | 14 | 82.3 | |
| Higher ease of speech | |||||
| Yes | 8 | 57.2 | 3 | 17.7 | 0.030* |
| No | 6 | 42.8 | 14 | 82.3 | |
| Confidence in the intervention | |||||
| Yes | 14 | 100 | 13 | 76.5 | 0.107 |
| No | 0 | 0 | 4 | 23.5 | |
* Fisher’s exact test.
FiguraFluxograma de seleção e acompanhamento dos participantes da pesquisa. Salvador, BA, 2013.
Caracterização sociodemográfica da atividade docente e da condição vocal de professores, no momento pré-intervenção. Salvador, BA, 2013.
| Variável | Aquecimento vocal | Treino respiratório | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| n = 14 | n = 17 | ||
| Idade em anos (DP) | 45,8 (DP = 8,1) | 43,6 (DP = 11,4) | 0,56a |
| Tempo de docência em anos (DP) | 19,4 (DP = 8,5) | 15,8 (DP = 7,8) | 0,23a |
| Horas/dia de uso da voz (DP) | 8,4 (DP = 3,8) | 8,0 (DP = 2,5) | 0,71a |
| Sexo (%) | |||
| Feminino | 85,8 | 70,6 | 0,41b |
| Masculino | 14,2 | 29,4 | |
| Escolaridade (%) | |||
| Graduação | 7,1 | 35,3 | 0,09b |
| Pós-graduação | 92,9 | 64,7 | |
| Carga laboral (horas) | |||
| < 40 | 21,4 | 11,8 | 0,88b |
| 40 | 57,2 | 64,7 | |
| > 40 | 21,4 | 23,5 | |
| Alteração vocal autorreferida (%) | |||
| Sim | 57,2 | 58,8 | 1,00b |
| Não | 42,8 | 41,2 | |
| Buscou tratamento especializado para alteração vocal | |||
| Sim | 14,2 | 41,2 | 0,13b |
| Não | 85,8 | 58,8 | |
| Cansaço ao falar (%) | |||
| Sim | 21,4 | 47,0 | 0,26b |
| Não | 78,6 | 53,0 | |
| Ingestão habitual de água (%) | |||
| Sim | 64,3 | 70,6 | 1,00b |
| Não | 35,7 | 29,4 | |
| Uso de álcool (%) | |||
| Sim | 35,7 | 47,0 | 0,72b |
| Não | 64,3 | 53,0 | |
a Teste t de Student.
b Teste Exato de Fisher.
Indicadores de autoavaliação e acústicos da voz de professores de escola pública, segundo grupo e período de intervenção. Salvador, BA, 2013.
| Indicador | Aquecimento vocal |
| Treino respiratório |
| ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pré | Pós | p | Pré | Pós | p | |||||
| Média | DP | Média | DP | Média | DP | Média | DP | |||
| IDV (%) | 21,78 | 17,44 | 13,04 | 14,18 | 0,007* | 20,44 | 13,70 | 13,82 | 10,86 | 0,001* |
| F0 (Hz) | 196,21 | 34,47 | 186,25 | 31,53 | 0,049* | 191,87 | 43,35 | 185,71 | 33,70 | 0,345 |
|
| 0,14 | 0,11 | 0,10 | 0,05 | 0,323 | 0,19 | 0,14 | 0,45 | 0,94 | 0,171 |
|
| 2,90 | 0,85 | 3,10 | 0,97 | 0,296 | 2,77 | 0,94 | 4,19 | 2,60 | 0,022* |
| Ruído (dB) | 0,69 | 0,50 | 0,68 | 0,50 | 0,776 | 0,72 | 0,46 | 0,72 | 0,44 | 0,451 |
| GNE (dB) | 0,89 | 0,12 | 0,92 | 0,06 | 0,959 | 0,88 | 0,11 | 0,88 | 0,11 | 0,477 |
IDV: Índice de Desvantagem Vocal; F0: Frequência fundamental; GNE: Glottal to Noise Excitation ratio
* Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test.
Diferença média nos valores pré e pós-intervenção dos indicadores de autoavaliação e acústicos da voz de professores de escola estadual, segundo grupo de intervenção. Salvador, BA, 2013.
| Indicador | Aquecimento vocal (n = 14) | Treino respiratório (n = 17) |
| ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pré | Pós | p* | |||
| Diferença média | DP | Diferença média | DP | ||
| IDV (%) | -8,75 | 10,13 | -6,61 | 6,84 | 0,76 |
| F0 (Hz) | -9,96 | 17,14 | -6,15 | 26,11 | 0,30 |
|
| -0,02 | 0,10 | 0,25 | 0,89 | 0,20 |
|
| 0,20 | 0,89 | 1,41 | 2,30 | 0,77 |
| Ruído (dB) | -0,01 | 0,14 | -0,004 | 0,67 | 0,49 |
| Proporção GNE (dB) | 0,02 | 0,13 | 0,001 | 0,67 | 0,74 |
* Teste de Mann-Whitney.
Comparação entre indicadores de autoavaliação sobre os benefícios da intervenção; intergrupos em 31 professores de escola estadual. Salvador, BA, 2013.
| Indicador | Aquecimento vocal | Treino respiratório | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 14 | % | n = 17 | % | ||
| Melhora geral da voz | |||||
| Sim | 9 | 64,3 | 2 | 11,8 | 0,003* |
| Não | 5 | 35,7 | 15 | 88,2 | |
| Maior clareza na voz | |||||
| Sim | 7 | 50,0 | 3 | 17,7 | 0,120 |
| Não | 7 | 50,0 | 14 | 82,3 | |
| Maior facilidade para falar | |||||
| Sim | 8 | 57,2 | 3 | 17,7 | 0,030* |
| Não | 6 | 42,8 | 14 | 82,3 | |
| Credibilidade na intervenção | |||||
| Sim | 14 | 100 | 13 | 76,5 | 0,107 |
| Não | 0 | 0 | 4 | 23,5 | |
* Teste Exato de Fisher.