Jort Kropff1, Simone Del Favero2, Jerome Place3, Chiara Toffanin4, Roberto Visentin2, Marco Monaro2, Mirko Messori4, Federico Di Palma4, Giordano Lanzola5, Anne Farret3, Federico Boscari6, Silvia Galasso6, Paolo Magni7, Angelo Avogaro6, Patrick Keith-Hynes8, Boris P Kovatchev8, Daniela Bruttomesso6, Claudio Cobelli2, J Hans DeVries9, Eric Renard3, Lalo Magni7. 1. Department of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Electronic address: j.kropff@amc.nl. 2. Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy. 3. Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition Montpellier University Hospital, INSERM Clinical Investigation Centre 1411, and Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS UMR 5203, INSERM U1191, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France. 4. Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. 5. Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. 6. Unit of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine-DIM, University of Padova, Padova, Italy. 7. Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. 8. Center for Diabetes Technology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. 9. Department of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: An artificial pancreas (AP) that can be worn at home from dinner to waking up in the morning might be safe and efficient for first routine use in patients with type 1 diabetes. We assessed the effect on glucose control with use of an AP during the evening and night plus patient-managed sensor-augmented pump therapy (SAP) during the day, versus 24 h use of patient-managed SAP only, in free-living conditions. METHODS: In a crossover study done in medical centres in France, Italy, and the Netherlands, patients aged 18-69 years with type 1 diabetes who used insulin pumps for continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion were randomly assigned to 2 months of AP use from dinner to waking up plus SAP use during the day versus 2 months of SAP use only under free-living conditions. Randomisation was achieved with a computer-generated allocation sequence with random block sizes of two, four, or six, masked to the investigator. Patients and investigators were not masked to the type of intervention. The AP consisted of a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) and insulin pump connected to a modified smartphone with a model predictive control algorithm. The primary endpoint was the percentage of time spent in the target glucose concentration range (3·9-10·0 mmol/L) from 2000 to 0800 h. CGM data for weeks 3-8 of the interventions were analysed on a modified intention-to-treat basis including patients who completed at least 6 weeks of each intervention period. The 2 month study period also allowed us to asses HbA1c as one of the secondary outcomes. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02153190. FINDINGS: During 2000-0800 h, the mean time spent in the target range was higher with AP than with SAP use: 66·7% versus 58·1% (paired difference 8·6% [95% CI 5·8 to 11·4], p<0·0001), through a reduction in both mean time spent in hyperglycaemia (glucose concentration >10·0 mmol/L; 31·6% vs 38·5%; -6·9% [-9·8% to -3·9], p<0·0001) and in hypoglycaemia (glucose concentration <3·9 mmol/L; 1·7% vs 3·0%; -1·6% [-2·3 to -1·0], p<0·0001). Decrease in mean HbA1c during the AP period was significantly greater than during the control period (-0·3% vs -0·2%; paired difference -0·2 [95% CI -0·4 to -0·0], p=0·047), taking a period effect into account (p=0·0034). No serious adverse events occurred during this study, and none of the mild-to-moderate adverse events was related to the study intervention. INTERPRETATION: Our results support the use of AP at home as a safe and beneficial option for patients with type 1 diabetes. The HbA1c results are encouraging but preliminary. FUNDING: European Commission.
RCT Entities:
BACKGROUND: An artificial pancreas (AP) that can be worn at home from dinner to waking up in the morning might be safe and efficient for first routine use in patients with type 1 diabetes. We assessed the effect on glucose control with use of an AP during the evening and night plus patient-managed sensor-augmented pump therapy (SAP) during the day, versus 24 h use of patient-managed SAP only, in free-living conditions. METHODS: In a crossover study done in medical centres in France, Italy, and the Netherlands, patients aged 18-69 years with type 1 diabetes who used insulin pumps for continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion were randomly assigned to 2 months of AP use from dinner to waking up plus SAP use during the day versus 2 months of SAP use only under free-living conditions. Randomisation was achieved with a computer-generated allocation sequence with random block sizes of two, four, or six, masked to the investigator. Patients and investigators were not masked to the type of intervention. The AP consisted of a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) and insulin pump connected to a modified smartphone with a model predictive control algorithm. The primary endpoint was the percentage of time spent in the target glucose concentration range (3·9-10·0 mmol/L) from 2000 to 0800 h. CGM data for weeks 3-8 of the interventions were analysed on a modified intention-to-treat basis including patients who completed at least 6 weeks of each intervention period. The 2 month study period also allowed us to asses HbA1c as one of the secondary outcomes. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02153190. FINDINGS: During 2000-0800 h, the mean time spent in the target range was higher with AP than with SAP use: 66·7% versus 58·1% (paired difference 8·6% [95% CI 5·8 to 11·4], p<0·0001), through a reduction in both mean time spent in hyperglycaemia (glucose concentration >10·0 mmol/L; 31·6% vs 38·5%; -6·9% [-9·8% to -3·9], p<0·0001) and in hypoglycaemia (glucose concentration <3·9 mmol/L; 1·7% vs 3·0%; -1·6% [-2·3 to -1·0], p<0·0001). Decrease in mean HbA1c during the AP period was significantly greater than during the control period (-0·3% vs -0·2%; paired difference -0·2 [95% CI -0·4 to -0·0], p=0·047), taking a period effect into account (p=0·0034). No serious adverse events occurred during this study, and none of the mild-to-moderate adverse events was related to the study intervention. INTERPRETATION: Our results support the use of AP at home as a safe and beneficial option for patients with type 1 diabetes. The HbA1c results are encouraging but preliminary. FUNDING: European Commission.
Authors: Sue A Brown; Marc D Breton; Stacey M Anderson; Laura Kollar; Patrick Keith-Hynes; Carol J Levy; David W Lam; Camilla Levister; Nihat Baysal; Yogish C Kudva; Ananda Basu; Vikash Dadlani; Ling Hinshaw; Shelly McCrady-Spitzer; Daniela Bruttomesso; Roberto Visentin; Silvia Galasso; Simone Del Favero; Yenny Leal; Federico Boscari; Angelo Avogaro; Claudio Cobelli; Boris P Kovatchev Journal: J Clin Endocrinol Metab Date: 2017-10-01 Impact factor: 5.958
Authors: Jordan E Pinsker; Joon Bok Lee; Eyal Dassau; Dale E Seborg; Paige K Bradley; Ravi Gondhalekar; Wendy C Bevier; Lauren Huyett; Howard C Zisser; Francis J Doyle Journal: Diabetes Care Date: 2016-06-11 Impact factor: 19.112
Authors: Stacey M Anderson; Eyal Dassau; Dan Raghinaru; John Lum; Sue A Brown; Jordan E Pinsker; Mei Mei Church; Carol Levy; David Lam; Yogish C Kudva; Bruce Buckingham; Gregory P Forlenza; R Paul Wadwa; Lori Laffel; Francis J Doyle; J Hans DeVries; Eric Renard; Claudio Cobelli; Federico Boscari; Simone Del Favero; Boris P Kovatchev Journal: Diabetes Technol Ther Date: 2019-01-16 Impact factor: 6.118
Authors: Clara Mosquera-Lopez; Robert Dodier; Nichole S Tyler; Leah M Wilson; Joseph El Youssef; Jessica R Castle; Peter G Jacobs Journal: Diabetes Technol Ther Date: 2020-05-14 Impact factor: 6.118
Authors: Joon Bok Lee; Eyal Dassau; Ravi Gondhalekar; Dale E Seborg; Jordan E Pinsker; Francis J Doyle Journal: Ind Eng Chem Res Date: 2016-10-27 Impact factor: 3.720